Arauco Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arauco Case study - Research Paper ExampleThe overall contribution do by the new proposed cornmeal mush manufacturing facility will result into the expansion of the production capacity of the starchy by more than 3 millions. This increase in capacity will indeed make the loyal one of the leading manufacturers of figure in the world in terms of overall production capacity. With an estimated investment of $1 Billion, the new tell up is estimated to produce sales of $350million per year. Since the overall estimated economic life of the plant would be 30 to 40 years therefore overall revenues will be gibe to $14.00 Billions over the period of 40 years thus contributing signifi dejectiontly to the value of the firm. Though no specific discount rate is give however, given the sales generating capacity of the proposed project suggest that it will add significant value to the firm and firms shareholders will gain value from the proposed investment. all organization willing to make its strategic move therefore has to look into its core competencies and must examine its core strengths. In past firms have made in the lead integration moves however, such moves proved fatal because of the integrated nature of the process. (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson). Suppressed demand for paper can seriously damage the profitability of the pulp business overly because of the integrated nature of both the processes. It therefore becomes more critical to look into those aspects of the strategy where they can offer an insight into the ability of the firm to actually utilize its existing strengths in more effective manner rather than spending its energies on the development of new set of skills and competencies in separate to compete in a market which has remained relatively untapped by the firm. potents decision to move away from Pulp only could also be the direct result of its decision to diversify the business in other segments. Though the firm has expanded into related busi nesses however, diversifying from pulp business can be mostly a result of capitalizing on firms core competencies in manufacturing pulp at relatively low cost. It is also authoritative to understand that the pulp sales of the firm have increased over the period of time suggesting that due to high school demand and better cost efficiency, firm is able to sell its pulp products at relatively premium prices in the market. Such acceptability in the export markets therefore indicates that the firm has already schematic itself in international market in this segment of the business. Pulp is used for just 50% of the paper manufacturing therefore firm will have to experience new set of skills and efficiency with which to use other remaining material and ingredients to produce better quality and low cost products. This would therefore invariably put the firm on a new learning curve thus slowing down its progress to become the market leader in the business. Recommendations Firm derives its competitive advantage from its low cost production and market reputation in the international market. Since firm is already backward integrated with access to high quality wood to manufacture pulp and other allied products therefore it is recommended that the firm should take the decision of horizontal expansion rather than engaging into forward integration. The proposed move will increase the production capacity of the firm by large

Walmart Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Walmart Company - Research Paper ExampleWhile the Walmart itself denies most of these charges, it does agree that these unethical practices may be happening at the introduce level without the knowledge of the top commission. However, Walmart continues to prevent unionization of its workers which means that the employees are more vulnerable than employees of other organizations (Paul, 2012). Walmart is also build to discriminate against female workers as it follows an implicit policy of hiring mostly male workers (Kampf, 2007). However, I think the discrimination is more within the store where the female employees may be given lesser salaries and incentives and where they may not be given any opportunities to get promoted or move ahead in their careers. There slang been several cases of internal discrimination against the company which indicates that this discrimination is a fact. In fact, there is a class action suit pending related to sexual discrimination based on statistics and data collected from Walmarts stores worldwide, and this could result in billions of dollars of money lost for the company. The only answer that Walmart seems to have is that again, the top management was not apprised of any discriminatory practices that may be happening at the store level. However, by simply stating that the top management was not aware of the unethical practices at the store level, the top management should not be allowed to shun responsibility. In fact, by stating that the top management is unaware of what happens at the store level.

What were the main economic and institutional differences between the Term Paper

What were the main economic and institutional differences between the studio system of the 1930s and 1940s and new Hollywood post-1975 - Term Paper Example20). A lot of endowment fund was drained from western countries and the Hollywood nurtured that talent by providing them lucrative benefits and rich culture. The staring era of films in the Hollywood was the era of silent movies and the messages were delivered by the organic structure language, sounds, and the sequence and roughly time running the text on the screen. However, the economic, technological and institutional transformation occurred around the world revolutionized cinematic activities and Hollywood witnessed major changes in the studio system during different eras. ... Some of the movies are inspired by the true events and some of them are inspired by the fabricated plots, fictions and the legends. Classical succession Types of the movies in the classical era (classical studio) As it seems clear by the name that the classical movies had class, these movies were based on the Fictional and real plots. Irrespective of the time frame, some(prenominal) the movies based on the idealism and realism has been presented and has become hit on the box office. The combination of the real situation has also been used in some movies like the De Vinci Code (2006) and it has been done irrespective of the time frame. Either the classical movies or the modern movies both have been reflecting the contemporary culture in their entities just now the difference is the time, so understanding the difference of time can put a light on the above mentioned criteria of the question. The classical era had many glamorous stars which provided synergies to the film industry of that super glamorous era, and the faith killing beauties were cast with the support of solid stories. The beautiful faces were not the only criteria there, but the strong book of account was the trade mark of that era which is still believed as the g olden era of the film industry Solid plots with strong theme and story Both done for(p) with the Wind (1939) and The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) were based on the bestselling novels and both movies were released in the same years. The 1930-40 was an era when the cream of best writer, directors and actors were coming there and it was a nirvana for them (Chaplin, 2003, p. 91). A good work was immediately noticed in the Hollywood, and the feasibilities were made for them to release films on them. The industrialization affected the film industry and the base for

Globalgiving and environmental study of the organization Essay

Globalgiving and environmental study of the organization - Essay ExampleThe present study focuses on an analysis of the environmental factors associated with the registered brotherly love so studying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and realizing the competitive advantage of the organization in regard to its objectives and goals. In order to develop plans for any in the altogether project, or seam and for the purpose of its marketing, often the need for a charity might occur. In such cases, registered charities are essential for the purpose to be fulfilled. Globalgiving is one such registered charity organization that allows the donation from donors in different projects as well as assist in the initiation of new projects across the US and the UK. The Globalgiving provides with the opportunities of getting attached to large number of donors as well as project initiators thus enhancing the chances and of the project or the business to reach out in the public. T hrough Globalgiving, the new projects subscribe to the opportunity to present their ideas and causes behind along with contribution from the different donors for the successful achievement of the plan. In other words, new plans get the opportunity to dismiss funds by presenting their thoughts and participating in the challenges as organized by the organization. The micro environment factors associated with an organization include its customers, employees, suppliers, competitors, shareholders as well as the media. As far as the Globalgiving charity organization is concerned, the most effectively working factor is an excellent team. The organization believes in hiring people who are ardent and move to their work. The purpose of the organization is to consider all the new and good plans for the achievement of a better world to live in. The team is accordingly worked out thus accepting and supporting the new and exciting plans for the common masses, as proposed by different individua ls or groups (Our team, 2011). In regard to the customers and suppliers of the organization, it give the sack be obtained that Globalgiving efficiently brings in the connection between the individuals or groups who are interested to donate for the causes and those who come up with the new plans and projects to be listed in the charity (How Globalgiving works, 2011). The macro environmental factors provoke be understood to be associated with the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal implications as reflected by the charity organization. As far as the Globalgiving charity is concerned, it can be agnize that the organization has created a position of its own in the industry thereby having donors and new projects listed for its website. Its tendency of welcoming new plans can be understood to have a positive effect on the society as well as the economic conditions of business in a country. However, in this context it can also be stated that success of th e organization and support of the new plans might be expected to create newer competitors for the charity organizations. In regard to Globalgiving as well, several other registered charities are available across the US and the UK

Open and Closed Source and What It Means Essay Example for Free

Open and Closed Source and What It Means EssayOpen-Source means it is guiltless. No sensation owns it, so there is no source code, no key code, and no licensing to purchase. When Linus Torvalds created Linux, he determined that the more people or, the more minds delving into the software package apprize make the system more creative, more improved, and the possibilities are endless. Thus, he gave Linux to the world as a free open-source operating system (Damicon Linking The Left header And The Right witticism Open Vs. Closed Source, 2003-2009). Open-Source is defined by the code or source code is accessible to person or persons who fundamentally use it or in IT definition end-substance abuser. The user can revise and refashion or change it, as long as he or she adhere to the standards in the associated license (Damicon Linking The Left Brain And The Right Brain Open Vs. Closed Source, 2003-2009). How Open Source is different from Closed Source Closed-Source is spend a pe nny by someone, or some company, and cost money. The buyer has to pay for the right to use the program, but the buyer does non own it.In the case of Microsoft Windows companies have to purchase licensing rights can purchase keys codes in volume, and individuals pay for their key codes, or rights to use the software or program (Damicon Linking The Left Brain And The Right Brain Open Vs. Closed Source, 2003-2009). Closed Source is also defined in that the code or source code is retained and maintained by the condition or developer, and they are the only ones that can make changes to it, analyze it, or scrutinize it (Damicon Linking The Left Brain And The Right Brain Open Vs. Closed Source, 2003-2009). LinuxLinux is an open-source adaptation of the UNIX operating system. It has been said check to What Is Linux And Why Is It So Popular? (1998-2013), it is as much a phenomenon as it is an operating system (para. 4). The accredited version or first version of UNIX was created some de cades ago and was used mostly as a research operating system in universities. Dynamic background knowledge plant lifetations from other companies flourished in the 1980s, and were all created from UNIX. Because many another(prenominal) companies were trying to compete with each other each of them had, their own version of UNIX and software sales was very problematic.The Linux centre created by Linus Torvalds, invited help or innovation ideas from others, but the prerequisite was that they had to contribute free. Windows Windows is a computer operating system with a GUI or graphical user embrasure. It is a personal computer operating system, or PC OS created by Microsoft. The first version in 1985 was presented to residential and commercial PC users the GUI that was created at an experimental lab at Xerox, as well as Apples Lisa and Macintosh (Mac) computers. Microsofts Word and excel became the general for users throughout the world in homes and businesses. OS XOS X is also k nown as Mac OS X, or Mac OS 10 is the present version of the operating system used on Apple Macintosh computers. It is a user-friendly OS. Previous versions based on the original Mac OS were released in 1984. In the late 1990s Windows started to make Mac OS and Apples OS out to be outdated, and so Apple overhauled Mac OS and generated a new OS from the ground up. Since a lot of the code was composed from scratch, a great(p) deal of it was taken from NEXTSTEP OS. NEXTSTEP was a Unix-based system running on NeXT computers, which are no longer manufactured. Apple purchased NeXT in 1997 and Steve Jobs was hired as interim CEO.Apple then took the Unix-based code from NEXTSTEP and combined it with the GUI of Mac OS 9. It became an unwavering, high-performance OS that was as stable as UNIX and the intuitive interface of the Mac. Mac OS X 10. 0 was released in 2001. General Licensing Models (GPL) Gnu Public License, Microsoft Licensing Most software licenses are intended to not allow the user to share and change it. However, the GNU or General Public License is designed to allow users to share, copy, and change free software, or to confirm the software is free to all users. Software that safeguards these privileges are kept is called free software.The license was originally written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation or (FSF) for the GNU project. According to Gnu General Public License, Version 3 29 June 2007 (2007), The GNU General Public license is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works (para. 1). Copyleft means a technique for creating a program whereby it is free forcing any altered and expanded versions of said program to be free also. A software company provides a software license to a consumer who then provides their permission for the consumer to use their software packet or package.Typically, it comes with many restrictions, and only allows the user one copy per license. It cannot be copied or distributed in anyway. S uch is the case for Microsoft. Microsoft also has volume licensing in that a corporation can purchase as many licenses, or also referred to as key codes, as they might need depending on the size of the business. When Microsoft came up with volume licensing it allowed businesses to save costs by not having to purchase the boxed software. The cost is only for the license number or key code. It can also give tailored buying choices and better software administration.

Describe and Evaluate two theories of the formation of romantic relationships Essay Example for Free

Describe and Evaluate two theories of the formation of romantic relationships EssayIn 1970 Byrne and Clore introduced the reward/ need felicity theory for the formation of relationships. They suggested that we are attracted to individuals whose presence is rewarding for us, and that naturally we find stimuli rewarding if it meets an unmet need the more than rewards someone provides for us, the more we should be attracted to them. They believed that the formation if relationships was united with the idea of classical and operant conditioning, with operant conditioning we are likely to repeat behaviours that leads to a desirable outcome and avoid behaviours that lead to undesirable ones, so we enter the relationships because the presence of some individuals is directly fellad with reinforcement, making us render corroboratory feelings, which makes them more attractive to us. For classical conditioning, we tend to prefer people who we associate with pleasant event, so for exam ple if we meet someone somewhere where we are having a good period, then we will associate this person with this good time and find them more attractive in the long run. Byrne and Clore believed that the balance between positive and negative feelings in a relationship was crucial as relationships where the positive outweigh negative feelings were more likely to develop and succeed.Griffitt and Guay (1969), participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter and then asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter. The range was highest when the experimenter had positively evaluated the participants performance on the task. This show supports the claim that we like people who are associated with pleasant events. This provides strong support that similarity is eventful in attraction, but also highlights reciprocal liking also is divisor in the formation of relationships however this may not be the only factor influencing this.The experiment was only of an imagina ry description, the participant is unlikely to truly demonstrate how they feel towards the stranger. The experiment doesnt demonstrate interaction of people, but rather just presents a statement about them, which reduces how far conclusions can be drawn. Although similarity may be a factor, how people socially interact is also important to how a personperceives another.In a laboratory experiment, Lehr and Gehr (2006) studied participants of both sexes to test the importance of reciprocal liking. Knowing that someone likes you is particularly rewarding and so is more likely to end up in mutual liking. Participants were given a description of a stranger, with varying degrees of similarity of the strangers attitude to the participants. In each description was a statement that the stranger either liked or did not like the participant. Researchers found significant effects for attitude similarity and liking. However this study doesnt have ecological validity from where it was done in a lab setting and didnt reflect real life situation or conditionsHowever Cate et al (1982) asked 337 individuals to assess their current relationships in terms of reward level and satisfaction. Results showed that reward level was superior to all other factors in find relationship satisfaction, however this theory only explores the receiving of rewards, the results may not be completely accurate though as some people may have picked the socially desirable answers. These studies all ignore natures influence on attraction and that it is to some extent an evolutionary need to have a partner that meets material requirements.This model may be very culturally bound as all the studies done were in the western worlds individualistic cultures. In other cultures one partner may not expect rewards and may be entirely giving, or arranges marriages will also go against this theory as the long term is made to happen. For example, Lott (1994) suggests that in many cultures women are more focused o n the needs of others rather than receiving reinforcement. This suggests that this theory is not a oecumenic explanation of relationship formation and therefore culturally biased.However, this theory is supported by another theory on how relationships are formed Byrne, Clore and Smeatons Similarity scheme (1986) states that it is important that people are similar in order to be able to form a relationship. They theorise that there are two stages to decision making who to seek relations with first we sort out the people near dissimilar to us andsecondly then seek out those who are most similar. Caspi and Herbener found that in married couples, those who were the happiest were those with the most similar personality traits.

The Historical Progression of African American Essay Example for Free

The Historical Progression of African American EssayIn unit One, life for African Americans was transformed by capital of Nebraskas proclamation of emancipation. The social/cultural resign they faced was without economic dependence, effective liberty would never be had. In response to that issue they chose to get together literacy, build low-spirited churches, and remain relieve oneselfing for snow-covered world owners. The outcome of that was the establishment of b wish churches controlled by freed staves, blacks were trained to be t all(prenominal)ers, and sh atomic number 18cropping agreements were made between white land owners and African Americans. In Unit Two, life for African Americans was plagued by power and intimidation. The political issue they faced was reform for the support of white supremacy. In response to that issue they chose to protest against segregation, discrimination, and disfranchisement. The outcome was the establishment of the organization topi c association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which r every(prenominal)ied for the tint rights and privileges of African Americans. In Unit Three, life for African Americans was leaning toward financial independence.The economic issue they faced was securing better paying jobs. In response to this issue they sought employment in the railroad and automobile industries. The outcome was the black owned businesses, Pullman porters, and growth in the entertainment industry by way of the Harlem Renaissance. In Unit Four, African Americans became causalityful in the boob tube and film industry. The literary issue that they faced was unbiased portrayal of their culture. In response to that issue African Americans became freelance writers and photographers.The outcome was the fount of the talented African American writers and photographers who bring home the bacond rose above the achievements of their peers. In Unit Five, the life of African Americans was ridiculed by th e increase in teenage pregnancies. The religious issue they faced is abstinence is more spiritually moral than birth control. In response to that issue they choose use the methods that they saw fit to counter meet teenage pregnancies. The outcome of that was a decrease in the incidents of teenage pregnancies.The historical progression of African Americans was accompanied by new found freedom, racism, and struggle for equal rights and opportunities. The Civil War was supposed to be justification of social and political freedom for all American born citizenry. The end of the Civil War bought freedom to enslaved African Americans but the change in social status did not provide much relief for them because they lacked economic dependence. The period from 1865-1876 was the most transforming period in history for African Americans.Emancipation freed slaves from whippings, the breakup of families, sexual exploitation, and constant confinement. For African Americans freedom meant the righ t to travel without the permission of their white captors. The south witnessed a ex decenniumsive migration of freedmen as they traveled to reunite families and establish permanent homes. governmentally, it became evident that emancipation and equality were not synonymous and that oppression arose in a variety of forms. Political actions influenced an economic situation that was already bleak (Meacham, 2003).Prominent African American leaders fought the National Republican Party to secure rights promised by the Equal Rights Amendments and to separate out those rights into material independence for the freed people. However this would be difficult because of the numbers of newly freed slaves who were largely uneducated, highly migratory while searching for family or employment, and largely disorganized by centuries of oppression (Meacham, 2003). later on the Civil War, the newly freed southern blacks developed many a(prenominal) methods to obtain the freedom and equality that th ey had expected from emancipation. One such movement was the Exoduster movement.The Exoduster movement was an attempt by Benjamin Pap Singleton, a former slave and others to encourage migration of African Americans from the old south to Kansas. Singleton worked towards this goal within the black community in a variety of ways and developed support in the dominant societys institutions. Singleton saw the need to improve the material status of freedmen. In 1880, he told the Senate, My people want land we need land for our children and our disadvantages that caused my heart to grieve and sorrow pity for my race, sir, that was coming down, instead of going up that caused me to go to work for them. Because of the freedmen history of agricultural labor, land seemed the most expedient need for their economic maturation (Meacham, 2003). Blacks remaining in the South after the war had hardly a(prenominal) choices, so they had to continue to work for white property owners. Although th ey paid some yield, whites wished to continue the old system of labor consisting of close supervision, gang labor, and physical punishment. African Americans refusal to work under these conditions or live in the old slave quarters near the masters house, afforded them the task of erecting cabins on plantation land located far away from the main house.Wages were at $5 or $6 a month but in the year 1867 fee increased to $10 a month. Because African Americans farmed were able to farm separate sections of land, a rise in sh atomic number 18cropping developed. African Americans would tend the crops and split them with the white landowner at the end of the planting season (Davidson, Gienapp, et al, 2008). After the Civil War, education became the main source of release from the mental chains of slavery. During this time in that respect were many who had never experienced basic education due to the constraints of slavery.However, those who had been exposed to formal as well as informa l education established what was called Sabbath schools which were operated in churches on Sundays and through the week. Religious denominations such as African Methodist Episcopal, Colored Methodist Episcopal, and Black Baptist helped to educate freedmen because they knew that education was a form of eradicating illiteracy, poverty, and the degradation of slavery. raising was not just a strike against discrimination, but a means of gaining respect and dignity ( Butner, 2005).The anti-freedom movement progressed and grew stronger. During the period from 1877 to 1920, the situation hardly changed for better. The discrimination of African Americans was ongoing. The 1890s was one of the lowest points for African Americans. Lynching increased, black voting suffered drastic restrictions, and special facilities were used to segregate whites from blacks. This segregation was represented by signs pied with the words For Whites Only. African Americans from all walks of life began to fight back against such discriminations.Booker T. Washington tried to influence blacks to accept segregation but W. E. B. Du Bois believed that happy growth would be damaged if they settled for vocational training. Du Bois, not accepting of the discriminatory caste system structured by whites, also believe that blacks could achieve a better future if they fought politics to gain suffrage and equal rights. As a case of protest against segregation, disfranchisement, and discrimination the Niagra Movement was formed in 1905.This movement sought political and economic equality for colored people. However, in 1909 a coalition of black and white reformers came together and changed the movement into the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which challenged the legality of the Jim-Crow system of bigotry and segregation (Davidson, Gienapp, et al, 2008). Black professionals identified the Achilles heel of white supremacy. Segregation provided blacks the chance, ind eed, the tyrannical, to develop a come in of distinct institutions that they controlled.Maneuvering through their organizations and institutions, they exploited that fundamental weakness in the separate but equal system permitted by the U. S. Supreme Courts 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. For all their violence, lynching, prejudice, and hatred, white supremacists could not exterminate black people. The white supremacists major goal, after all, was to maintain an exploitable labor force that would remain in a inferior tramp (Hine, 2003). However, in 1921-1945, the situation started to improve and the civil right movement of African Americans had started to grow stronger.The 1920s were the period known as the Harlem Renaissance. As a result of the Great Migration of African Americans from South to North, their number of blacks in Northern states increased steadily. They had more opportunity to exercise their rights because oppression in the North was not as severe as in the So uth. The cultural movement, known as the Harlem Renaissance, spread nationwide and became a powerful movement which proved that African American communities had the power and ability to achieve success in the US (Tolnay, 2003).Since the time of Emancipation in the 1860s, economic circumstance handicapped Baltimores African-Americans. They understood that advances in economic opportunities were important to other gains in social access and civil rights. During the 1930s workplaces across Baltimore begin to yield such access and opportunity. Increased access and opportunities came in a wide array of industries. The strength behind the change rested on the expanding black population. Ariving by bus, train, and by car, African Americans came to Baltimore in search of higher wages and to escape from the hedged-in experience of the deeper South.They came in search of greater job variety and greater political freedom. By the mid-1940s, Baltimore-bound blacks averaged fifty people each day and as many as 300 per week. Drawn to Baltimore for the chance at something better, they more than doubled the citys African-American population in the forty years following 1910. Union goals and civil rights aims largely paralleled each other. Amid the talk of labor reform, a rights consciousness developed among blacks, supplying working-class militancy with a powerful, moral foundation.War-time protests, such of the 1942 litigate On Annapolis, also emphasized the need for opportunities. For example, when white workers walked off their jobs at Western Electric in 1943, in protest of the absence of worksite segregation, in transgress of racial tensions many blacks progressed economically and occupationally. Beyond industrial work, blacks struggled through the 1940s. All of the 800 employees in the citys post worked as custodians or mail handlers. The municipal government as well as many other city departments barred African-Americans from employment.By the early 1950s, most muni cipal entities dropped their color bar, including the Baltimore City Fire Department, which appointed ten black firelighters in 1953. In the private sector, several important companies offered semi-skilled positions to blacks for the first time, including the Yellow Cab Company, which opened driver opportunities in 1951(Terry, 2004). In the post-World War II period, from 1946 to 1974, African Americans became major contributors in the television and film industry. African American actors and actresses were forced to accept demeaning roles or have no roles.However in spite of these demeaning portrayals, African Americans starved to see folks who looked like themselves in films and on television. During the 1970s, several African American families were introduced on American television with series such as The Jeffersons (George and Louise) and Good Times (James and Florida Evans). Both shows were spin-offs of Norman Lear architectural plans The Jeffersons hailed from All in the Famil y and Good Times from Maude. Two important components look ating these political platforms addressed are their overall societal harm and/or good and the different way, in which blacks and whites processed the programs contents.The widely popular Cosby Show arrived in the 1980s, providing a stark assembly line to the ghetto based comedies of the 1970s (Mastin, 2006). In 1964, Sidney Poiters acting talent and skill earned him an Oscar, making him the first African American male to win this honored honor. Finally, teenage pregnancy has plagued the African American community for many years. The high rate of adolescent pregnancy among African-American adolescents and damaging consequences of premature parenting make it imperative that strategies be developed to address these problems.This oversight is tragic attached that an early adolescent pregnancy often predicts the beginning of a rapid succession of unsought births and that such repeat pregnancies have adverse consequences for the infants health as well as for the mothers developmental, educational, and occupational well-being (Okwumabau, Okwumabau, Elliott, 1998) The period from 1976-present, several attempts have been made throughout the African-American community to provide programs and services to prevent this problem.However, some scholars and practitioners argue that such prevention programs and services are doomed to failure when African-American communities lack the ability to recognize or build on the cultural integrity of that community. The continued high rate of adolescent pregnancy among African-Americans, despite extensive interpolation and prevention efforts, brings to the forefront the issue of cultural consistency as a key ingredient in providing prevention programs (Okwumabau, Okwumabau, Elliott, 1998).The let the Circle Be unremitting Rites of Passage program is a translation of the theoretical underpinnings of an Afrocentric conceptual model into a prevention program. It influence s adaptation of socialization processes observed in African cultures, which spot that it is necessary to assist adolescents in the transition or passage from childhood into fully grownhood. Rites of passage is a cultural experience which requires that ideology, education, training, and culture be taught prior to an exercise or celebration marking the successful transition from one stage of development (adolescence) to another (adulthood).For example, young people in many African societies are involved in initiation and training experiences that can extend from a few days or weeks to several years. More often than not, the training is conducted by elders in the society and includes a period of total separation from ones family and community during which the young person lives alone or together (communally) with others who are also in training. The young persons return from the separation-back to her family or community-signifies the successful completion of a developmental process and the earning of the respect of the community for having done so.This is the time that new responsibilities and privileges are given to the youth The Rites of Passage program began in 1991 as a pilot project of the Memphis City Schools Adolescent Parenting Program. It initially targeted pregnant and parenting adolescents and was offered as an after-school program at the Comprehensive Pupil Services Educational Center (CPSEC), home to the systems special program for pregnant and parenting students.The subjects that are covered in the Rites of Passage program are Knowing Africa increases awareness of global Africa, her geography, people, culture, beliefs, community, and family. Knowing Self and Others introduces participants, adult facilitators, leaders, and elders to the Rites of Passage program as a means of socializing youth for adult roles and responsibilities. Family narration encourages gustatory sensation of the African-American family, including its role and function from a cultural and historical perspective.The History of African People increases basic reason of the history and accomplishments of people of African descent. Family Life Education increases knowledge and awareness about family life matters, including human sexuality and how ones sexuality relates to responsibility, values, and respect for self and others. Spirituality The Journey indoors increases understanding and awareness of the importance of spirituality to well being.Taking Care of Self and Etiquette promotes understanding of the importance of total wellness, including physical, emotional, and spiritual well being and enhances understanding of socially acceptable (appropriate and inappropriate) behaviors. Housekeeping and Finances increases understanding of the overall management of a household, including financial planning, money management, and homemaker skills (cleaning, grocery shopping, cooking, sewing, and mending).Values Clarification and conclusion Setting develops aw areness of the traditional value system that guided African people, and explores and begins to clarify individual values and encourages behavior, including life goals, that is consistent with values Conflict endurance and Violence Prevention increases awareness and understanding of violence, including the kinds of violence that are destroying AfricanAmerican communities and people as well as the cause and consequences of violence.It also illustrates that violence is preventable and that there are alternatives to violence. Creativity increases basic understanding of the contribution of people of African descent to the creative arts as well as knowledge and appreciation of the creative arts, particularly those related to the history and culture of African people. X Life Management Time, School, Work, and Leisure develops skills to appropriately manage ones life in regard to time spent at school, work, and at leisure.HIV/AIDS and Other Life-Threatening Conditions increases knowledge a nd awareness about sexually transmitted diseases and other health conditions (high blood pressure, homicide) that threaten the longevity of people of African descent. Communication increases awareness of the importance of communication skills. Assertiveness and Leadership increases awareness of the qualities of leadership, including those qualities shown by famous and/or high profile African-Americans, as well as the importance of assertiveness and leadership to ones growth and development.Career Development exposes participants to a variety of career options and the requirements for each career (Okwumabau, Okwumabau, Elliott, 1998). The Let the Circle Be Unbroken Rites of Passage program helped to decrease the incidents of teenage pregnancy among African American teenagers by providing them with knowledge of ancestrial heritage, self, family values, spirituality, and in the flesh(predicate) skills that influence them to make effective decision about birth control and sexuality wh ich will not hinder them from succeeding in life due to teenage parenthood.Conclusion Lincolns signing of the Emancipation Proclamation in Unit One subjected African Americans to a life where economic dependence was vital in securing true freedom. The assistance of black churches enabled them recognize the importance of education in developing their own communities, securing employment, and gaining respect of white land owners. Although violence and intimidation was a part of the political reform of the Democrats in support of white supremacy, African Americans remained steadfast.Protests of social injustices such as segregation, discrimination, and disfranchisement, influenced the formation of the organization National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) defenders of the equal rights and privileges of African Americans. African Americans achievement of financial independence in Unit Three was dependent on securing better paying jobs. The migration from South t o North and the Harlem Renaissance afforded them the opportunity of employment as factory workers, postal workers and government employees.The unbiased portrayal of African Americans in television and film in Unit Four encouraged the creation of sitcoms and movies that presented the progression of blacks from demeaning roles to award winning roles that showcased their talents as award winning writers, photographers, actors, and actresses. The development of prevention programs in Unit Five, helped to decreased the incidents of teenage pregnancy by increasing community awareness. References Butner, B. (2005). The Methodist Episcopal Church and the Education of African Americans After the Civil War.Christian Higher Education, 4(4), 265-276. Retrieved July 20, 2009 from http//search. ebscohost. com. Davidson, J. W. , Gienapp, W. E. , et al. (2008). Nation of nations a narrative history of the American Republic (6th ed. , Vol. 2). Boston McGraw Hill. Hayes, J. (2009). Political-Cultural Exodus Movement of the People Black History Bulletin, 72(1), 7-13. Retrieved July 14, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 1708145821). Hine, D. C. (2003). Black professionals and race consciousness Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, 1890-1950. The Journal of American History, 89(4), 1279-1294.Retrieved July 20, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 322744531). Mastin, T. (2006). Color Television Fifty Years of African American and Latino Images on Prime Time Television/Representing Race Racisms, Ethnicities and Media. Review of Journalism Mass Communication Educator, 61(2), 218-222. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 1124893681). Meacham, M. (2003). The Exoduster Movement. Western Journal of Black Studies, 27(2), 108-117. Retrieved July 20, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 828030721).Okwumabua, T. M. , Okwumabua, J. O., Elliott, V. (1998). Let the circle be unbroken helps African-Americans prevent teen pregnancy. SIECUS Report, 26(3 ), 12-17. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 26859760). Terry, D. (2004). Dismantling Jim Crow Challenges to Racial Segregation, 1935 1955. Black History Bulletin, 67(1-4), 14-17B. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 1379490521). Tolnay, S. (2003, August). THE AFRICAN AMERICAN long MIGRATION and BEYOND. Annual Review of Sociology, 29(1), 209-232. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database.