Abrupt Onset Neurologic Deficit Health And Social Care Essay

Stroke is described as encephalon hurt due to abnormalcy of blood supply to the encephalon [ 1 ] . In clinical presentation, shot is portrayed as an abrupt-onset neurologic shortage that last at least 24 hours and is of presumed vascular beginning [ 2 ] . Brain cells unlike other cells ; make non hold the capableness to execute anaerobiotic respiration to bring forth energy. Therefore changeless O and glucose must run into its demand for appropriate maps. Perturbations of blood flow leads to inadequacy of these constituents ensuing in lasting neurological harm, disablement or decease. Stroke is besides the 3rd commonest decease in the UK, with lone bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease accounting for more mortality [ 3 ] . Harmonizing to the British Heart Foundation ( Figure 1 ) , stoke histories for 9 % of all decease in the UK which is tantamount to 53000 deceases each twelvemonth [ 4 ] . Furthermore it besides causes premature mortality, obligated for over 9500 decease ev ery twelvemonth in people under the age of 75, approximately one to twenty of all decease in this age group [ 4 ] .Types of StrokeStroke occurs when the intellectual arteria that brings blood to the encephalon either becomes occluded or leaked. Therefore there are two sorts of shot ( Figure 2 ) . When blood vass are blocked, ischemia consequences while leaky vass causes bleeding ( Chart 1 ) . Ischemic shot is more common than hemorrhagic shot and it accounts for 87 % of all shot instances [ 5 ] . The hazard factors of shot includes age, familial, high blood force per unit area, smoke, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, happening of bosom onslaught or transient ischaemic onslaughts, fleshiness and other bosom diseases [ 6 ] as explained in deepness in table 1.PathophysiologyIschemic Stroke The mechanism of ischaemia can be divided into 3 chief classs ; thrombosis, intercalation, and systemic hypoperfusion [ 1 ] . Thrombosis is the pathological formation of haemostatic stopper within the vasculature in the absence of shed blooding [ 3 ] . In simpler footings it refers to the coagulum in an arteria. Carotid coronary artery disease occurs at the site where the common carotid arteria bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arterias [ 7 ] ( Figure 3 ) . The coagulums will finally contract the arteria subdivisions and blood flow is badly reduced. However if the coagulum manages to interrupt free and dislodge in other variety meats such as the encephalon, bosom or kidneys ; intercalation is said to hold occurred. The embolus may come from assorted countries for illustration coagulums from bosom walls due to atrial fibrillation may so go up to the bifurcate country of the common carotid arteria therefore ensuing in an impeding blood flow to the encephalon. Finally, s ystemic hypoperfusion is due to a generalised loss of arterial force per unit area [ 8 ] . This is associated with terrible hypotension, monolithic myocardial infarction [ 8 ] , shed blooding and loss of fluid in organic structure tissues [ 1 ] . Haemorrhagic Stroke Haemorrhagic stroke can be divided in to several different subtypes, the most common being intracerebral and subarachnoid bleeding [ 9 ] . Intracerebral bleeding refers to haemorrhage in the encephalon peculiarly inside the pia affair while subarachnoid bleeding refers to bleedings outside the arachnoid but inside the dura affair [ 1 ] ( Figure 4 ) .Clinical findingsIschemic shot Signs /Symptoms Symptoms may happen depending on the type of arterias that are block and the location of the occlusion. If the internal carotid arteria is blocked, patients may see sightlessness on one oculus, hemiparesis ( inability to travel one half of the organic structure ) , prosopagnisoa ( inability to acknowledge faces ) , aphasia ( inability to speek ) and dysarthria ( ocular field effects ) [ 2 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ] . However if the vertebral arteria is occluded ; giddiness, dizziness, dual vision and failing or centripetal perturbations in some or all or the limbs will attest. Other jobs such as depression, kiping trouble, deep vena thrombosis as a consequence from inability to travel legs for a long period of clip ensuing in pneumonic intercalation may besides originate in shot patients [ 1 ] . Diagnosis Ischemic patient will frequently hold a history of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, or valvular bosom disease [ 10 ] . Sudden oncoming of characteristic neurological shortage besides accounts for the diagnosing. Doctors besides test the patient & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s address, memory, ocular and facial motions [ 1 ] . Besides, a encephalon imaging trial such as CT ( Computed imaging ) and MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) scan of the caput is indispensable in excepting intellectual bleeding with intellectual infarct and tumor [ 10 ] . Electrocardiography ( ECG ) and a complete blood trial is besides done [ 1 ] . Haemorrhagic Stroke Signs /Symptoms In subarachnoid bleeding, symptoms such as sudden concern followed by a loss or damage of consciousness that may sometimes intensify to coma or decease may happen [ 10 ] . Almost similar symptoms were noted for intracerebral bleeding whereby consciousness is ab initio lost followed by frequent purging [ 10 ] . Diagnosis CT ( Computed imaging ) scanning is of import to corroborate that bleeding has occurred. [ 10 ] . Besides, a complete blood sugar, blood count, thrombocyte count, shed blooding clip, factor II and partial thrombokinase times and liver and kidney map trial [ 10 ] are besides carried out.TreatmentsThe coveted intervention of shot is to cut down neural impairment, bar of secondary complications and to avoid shot return [ 2 ] . Treatment therapy can be farther divided into pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy. The list of drugs, their action and their side effects could be found in table 2.Pharmacologic therapyIschaemic shot Thrombolytic drugs Alteplase ( rt, tissue-type plasminogen activator ) Alteplase is a thrombolytic drug which consist of a individual concatenation recombinant tPA. It has high selectivity for fibrin-bound plasminogen that on plasma plasminogen and being labelled & amp ; acirc ; ˆ?clot-selective & A ; acirc ; ˆA? [ 3 ] . It has the advantage of lysing merely fibrin [ 11 ] and less consequence on circulating, unbound plasminogen [ 14 ] . Patients under alteplast should be monitored for their intracranial bleeding and blood force per unit area. Besides, alteplast is besides contraindicated in patients with paroxysm attach toing shot, and a history of patients with diabetes [ 12 ] . The side effects of utilizing alteplast are chiefly nausea, purging and shed blooding. The hazard of intellectual hemorrhage is besides addition in acute shot [ 12 ] Antiplatelet drugsAspirinAspirin is an antiplatelet drug which exerts its consequence through irreversible suppression of thrombocyte Cox ( COX ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . Consequently, the transition of arachidonic acid to thromboxane A ( TXA ) , which is a powerful vasoconstrictive and stimulator of thrombocyte collection is later been prevented. As binding is irreversible, thrombocyte can non synthesis new protein due to the deficiency of nuclei therefore its map is altered for its full life span. Additionally, acetylsalicylic acid besides inhibits prostacyclin ( PGI ) synthesis in endothelium ; nevertheless depletion of prostacyclin is non prolonged as endothelium is able to synthesis new prostacyclins [ 2 ] . Hence acetylsalicylic acid is said to change the balance between TXA and PGI in such as manner that platelet anti-aggregating consequence is maintained. Aspirin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensivity to aspirin and other NSAID, active peptic ulceration, hemophilia and other hemorrhage upsets. Furthermore cautiousness should be applied when utilizing with asthma patients. Its side effects include bronchospam and GI annoyance [ 12 ] .ClopidogrelClopidogrel exhibits its consequence by moving as an inhibitor of the adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) tract of thrombocyte collection [ 2 ] and therefore suppress the activation of GP llb/lla receptors on thrombocyte which requires them to adhere to fibrinogen and each other [ 11 ] . Caution should be noted when utilizing clopidogrel with patients who are at hazard of shed blooding from injury or surgery. Furthermore it is contraindicated in patients with active hemorrhage. Clopidogrel is besides associated with side effects such as indigestion, diarrhea, abdominal hurting and hemorrhage upsets ( including gastrointestinal and intracranial ) [ 12 ] . Clopidogrel is frequently use concomitantly with acetylsalicylic acid in cut downing shot [ 2 ] and used as a monotherapy when acetylsalicylic acid is non tolerated de spite add-on of a proton pump inhibitor [ 12 ] .DipyridamoleDipyridamole exert its consequence by increasing intracellular degrees of camp by suppressing cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase accordingly cut downing thromboxane Asynthesis which is potent in thrombocyte collection [ 11 ] . In add-on, dipyridamole is known to hold possible vasodilating belongingss through its suppression of adenosine consumption in vascular smooth musculuss [ 13 ] Dipyridamole is frequently combined with acetylsalicylic acid in a sustain release preparation for secondary bars of ischemic shot [ 13 ] and is uneffective when used entirely [ 12 ] . Besides, it should be used with cautiousness in patients with aortal stricture, declining angina and drugs that may increase hazard of shed blooding. Its side effects are GI effects, giddiness, and throbbing concern [ 12 ] .TiclopidineTiclopidine is a thienopyridine antiplatelet which has similar construction and mechanism of action to clopidogrel [ 2 ] . Howeve r it is associated with haematological perturbations such as neuropenia as it suppresses bone marrow. It besides causes roseola, diarrhea and elevated serum cholesterin degree [ 2 ] therefore it is debatable when administrating them to patients. Nevertheless it is given to patients who fail to react to aspirin, acetylsalicylic acids combined with dipyridamole and clopidogrel [ 13 ] . AnticoagulantsWarfarinWarfarin is unwritten decoagulants which inhibit the decrease of vitamin K therefore interfering with post-translational -carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in coagulating factors [ 3 ] . Warfarin is use as bar of shot in patients with atrial fibrillation. Targeting an international standardization ration ( INR ) of 2.5 is recommended [ 2 ] . Caution should be noted on patients with a recent surgery, and attendant usage of drugs that increase hazard of shed blooding. Warfarin is besides contraindicated with peptic ulcer and terrible high blood pressure. Side effects are haemorrhage therefore monitoring INR is important as doses need to be adjusted and omitted suitably to forestall major and minor hemorrhage [ 12 ] . Lipid Regulating DrugsLipid-lowering medicinesLipid-lowering medicines inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ( HMG-CoA ) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterin synthesis in the liver. Lowered intracellular concentrations stimulate an addition in look of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) receptors in the liver ensuing in an increased consumption of LDL-cholesterol from plasma into liver cells. This mechanism reduces LDL and entire cholesterin in the plasma [ 14 ] . Statins is used as a secondary bar of shot in patients who have diagnostic atherosclerotic disease [ 3 ] though they may increase the hazard of early hemorrhagic enlargement [ 15 ] . Besides, lipid-lowering medicines should be carefully used in those with history of liver disease or high intoxicant consumption. Lipid-lowering medicines can do GI perturbations, concern, giddiness [ 12 ] and assorted muscular side-effects including myositis. Haemorrhagic strokeVitamin KIn intercerebral bleeding, vitamin K is normally given intraveneously [ 9 ] . Generally, vitamin K is of import in the formation of coagulating factors II, VII, IX and X. Side consequence includes hypersensitivity. Furthermore transfusions of thrombocytes and fresh frozen plasma are given [ 9 ] . Calcium channel blokersNimodipineNimodipine, a Ca channel blocker is normally given to forestall vasospasm and incidence of ischaemic neurological shortages following aneurismal subarachnoid bleeding [ 12 ] . It exerts consequence by doing generalized arterial/arteriolar distension and intellectual vascular beds. It should be carefully used in patients with intellectual hydrops, hypotension and those taking Citrus paradisi. It is besides contraindicated with unstable angina and those who are within one month of myocardial infarction. Nimodipine is besides associated with side effects such as hypotension, fluctuation of bosom rate, concern and GI upsets [ 12 ] .Nonpharmacologic TherapyLifestyle alterations Post shot patients are encouraged to hold a healthy diet which involves devouring more fruits, and veggies with at least five parts per twenty-four hours. Reducing salt consumption, ruddy meat, debris nutrient and intoxicant ingestion is of import to command blood force per unit area. Home cook nutrient is extremely encouraged than eating out. Besides, quit smoke by motive and support is besides indispensable. Exerting such as walking on a treadmill for station shot patients helps cut down blood force per unit area, maintain organic structure weight, promote healthy bosom musculuss, and keep healthy balance of LDL and HDL in the blood. Surgical intercessions and rehabilitation Centres Craniectomy is used to let go of the lifting force per unit area in instances of ischaemic intellectual hydrops. Carotid endarterectomy ( surgical remotion of atheromas or coagulums ) of a stenosed carotid arteria is effectual to cut down shot incidence and return [ 9 ] . On the other manus, surgical intercession to either cartridge holder or ablate the piquing vascular abnormalcy reduces the opportunities of rebleeding in patients with subarachnoid bleeding [ 2 ] . Besides, stroke attention Centres such as rehabilitation has been shown to cut down disablement and aid patients to relearn loss accomplishments such as walking, pass oning and many others when portion of the encephalon is damaged.NICE Guidelines [ 15 ]Based on the shot algorithm on chart 2, FAST trial should be performed on those with sudden oncoming of neurological symptoms. However those with hypoglycemia should be excluded. Those with positive showing will undergo several diagnosings and appraisal of encephalon showin g. If shot is indicated, the patient will be treated with alteplast less than 3 hours from the oncoming of shot. If there are no immediate indicants, scanning has to be done within 24 hours. Following, patients are admitted to acute shot unit for specializer and monitoring intervention. The types of shot will be identified. If it is an ischaemic shot, antiplatelet intervention with 300mg acetylsalicylic acid is given and in hemorrhagic shot, contrary decoagulants are given. Thereafter, supervising patients physiological demands will be done. Surgical referral and intercessions will be done if it is indispensable. Nevertheless, patients who do non necessitate any surgery will be given medical intervention before discharged.DrumheadStroke is one of the major unwellnesss that consequences in high per centum of mortality every bit good as disablement. Two major types of shot which accounts for the occluded or leaked arterias have given rise to ischemic and bleedings severally. Signs and symptoms of shot really much depend on the country of harm and the location of the incidence. Treatments available are divided into two parts which is pharmacotherapy and nonpharmacologic therapy. Pharmacotherapy interventions involve the use of drugs while nonpharmacologic therapy involves lifestyle alterations, surgical intercessions and rehabilitations.

Barack Obama’s Speech †Global Village Essay

The term Global Village is defined as a world that is globally connected by all forms of media. Basically, people’s personal experience while living in a global context has affected their attitudes about the world. Throughout â€Å"A New Beginning† speech, Obama debates that living within a modern society based on the concept of Global Village, the American’s and Muslims should respect one another and cooperate. His goal is to unify the Western world with the Islamic by promoting tolerance and change. The president depicts the positive and negative aspects of Global Village where the American beliefs and values of equality, peace and responsibility are developed by literary techniques incorporated to employ ideas surrounding this. This allows the audience to gain a deeper understanding about his purpose of the speech, and what he aims to gain from it. The speech evaluates the positive aspects of Global Village, where he highlights the advantages including the connection between cultures and better education about the world’s changing views. The president’s main concentration was based on America’s responsibility as a country to help Iraq develop a better future. The extended repetition of the word â€Å"responsibility† emphasises that issues raised are not based on the individual but on a global responsibility to change to the better. The influence of Global Village has allowed better communication between America and Iraq, where America has agreed to remove all American troops from Iraq. This has ensured trust and unity, portraying â€Å"Iraq as a partner and never as a patron†. The use of simile and contrast between the words â€Å"partner† and â€Å"patron† signifies equality and partnership. Obama continues explaining about the detrimental history experienced by women, focusing on gender equality. He does this by conveying the importance of the issues of woman’s rights currently faced on a global scale too. The quote â€Å"I reject the view that woman who choose to cover her hair is somehow less equal but believe that a woman who is denied an education is denied equality†. This depicts the president successfully appealing to the Islamic audience, rejecting the stereotype that women who wear the hijab are less equal, but puts forward his belief that women who are denied education on a global scale are denied equality. There is a constant debate about this issue, however Obama strives to achieve equality for woman in Islamic culture through â€Å"expanded literacy for girls, and to help young women pursue employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and to â€Å"live their dreams†. To juxtapose against the positive aspects of Global Village presented within the speech, Obama also addresses the negative consequences of this which consist of the violent extremists and the development of harmful weapons in the modern world of today. Here the president confronts this issue in all of its forms through the belief that â€Å"people of all faiths reject: the killing of innocent men, women, and children†. The situation involving the American troops in Afghanistan signify a â€Å"war of choice†, he speaks about the war, rather than acknowledging what has been done wrong such as the troops still continuing to fight in the war, unable to return back to America because of the uncertainty that â€Å"violent extremists in Afghanistan and Pakistan determined to kill as many Americans as they possibly can†. This leads to the partnering with forty-six countries that will strengthen the security of America. The issue discussed in the speech about the evolution of weaponry is concerning, as Barack Obama has decided that â€Å"no nations hold nuclear weapons†. With this quote, he ensures to all listeners and people around the world his own personal views and efforts in changing these legislations to make it an equal and safe world for everyone where nuclear weapons will not be considered an international issue anymore. However, if nuclear weapons are needed, they must oblige â€Å"under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty†. To make it a fair result, Obama has not completely banned the use of such weapons, but rather incorporated laws to reduce the risks of danger to appear. Thus, â€Å"A New Beginning† speech by Barack Obama exemplifies the advantages and disadvantages of Global Village and his view on not only America’s future, but directed towards an international scale. He has explained his efforts into what he plans to change countries to receive a better future, intending that â€Å"the people of the world can live together in peace. We know that is God’s vision†. This allows responders to understand the importance of Global Village and the impacts it can cause to the world globally.

Stress

The stress analysis of a imple suspension system of car is done in this report which not only provides the reader with the stress calculations but also gives an insight of how proper stress analysis of real life problem can be done by using simple engineering formulas and techniques. Only one member of complete assembly is analyzed in ANSYS and the results were really promising. Acknowledgement:- We are thankful to Dr. Khalid Rehman for teaching us so well that we were able to do the stress analysis of a real life problem.Without his teachings nothing in this report could be done. We are thankful for his time and help which he always gave during time of any confusion or problem. 1 . Introduction†¦ 2 2. Problem 33. CAD Model Statement † 34. Manual Solution 7 4. 1. Force Analysis 7 4. 2. Stress Analysis ? 10 4. 3. Failure Analysis 11 4. 4. Deformation Analysis †¦.. 12 5. ANSYS Analysts 13 5. 1. Messing . 13 5. 2. Procedure 15 5. 3. Results 21 6. Conclusion 25 1.Introduc tion:- The deciding step that passes any particular design is its stress analysis which gives the designer an insight that particular design would work or not, whether or not the esign is feasible for fabrication or further improvements are required. Stress analysis of any design not only includes the basic force and stress calculation in members but also the failure, deformation analysis of the complete assembly. Stress analysis can be done manually or by using any CAD tool like ANSYS etc.The results obtained from both solutions should match each other but there is always variation in the results. The variations can be due to ideal approximations in the manual calculations or any other assumed data. The report includes the stress analysis of a imple suspension system of a car; various assumptions are being made which are mentioned in respective sections of the report. The solution was done both manually and by using ANSYS and the results were really promising. The report includes f orce and stress analysis, failure analysis and deformation calculations.The report not only provides the reader with the stress calculations but also gives an insight of how proper stress analysis of real life problem can be done by using simple engineering formulas and techniques. Stress analysis of a simple suspension system of car. 3. CAD model:- The first step of any design is to make its CAD model which in our case is done by using CREO VI . 0. The Cad models are shown as follows: (Fig 3. 1 complete assembly) (Fig 3. 2 complete assembly) The above fgures show the cad model of whole assembly. The individual member models are also shown below: (Fig 3. 4 Hub) (Fig 3. 5 Connecting arm) (Fig 3. 6 spring) (Fig 3. Suspension arm) 5. ANSYS 5. 1. Messing: The details are provided according to ANSYS 13. 0 Mechanical APDL. Mesh size: smart size 1 5. 1. 2. Element type: PLANE182 2-D 4-Node Structural Solid 5. 1. 3. Element Description PLANE182 is used for 2-D modeling of solid structures. The element can be used as either a plane element (plane stress, plane strain or generalized plane strain) or an axisymmetric element. It is defined by four nodes having two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. The element has plasticity, hyperelasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, and large strain capabilities.It also has mixed formulation capability for simulating deformations of nearly incompressible elastoplastic materials, and fully incompressible hyperelastic materials. The geometry and node locations for this element are shown in Figure 182. 1. The element input data includes four nodes and the orthotropic material properties. The default element coordinate system is along global directions. Element loads are described in Node and Element Loads. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 182. 1. Positive pressures act into the element. 5. 1. 4.For triangular element s where the or enhanced strain formulations are pecified, degenerated shape functions and a conventional integration scheme are used. 5. 2. Procedure:- Filter GUI for analysis of structural members (Fig 5. 2. 1) Select element type plane quad 4 nodes 182 (Fig 5. 2. 2) Select Linear, Elastic and Isotropic material type (Fig 5. 2. 3) Input youngs modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio to define material in Ansys (Fig 5. 2. 4) Mesh the area using the finest mesh for accurate results (smart size 1) (Fig 5. 2. 5) Apply Pressure on line and Restrict DOF for some nodes at the center to compensate Stress Stress Stress is the body reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response and this in turn can be linked to other fact Oars in any sporting situation. Some people may become more aggressive and others may find that levels of arousal are increased. ; Excitement or suspense can lead to tension. If this is happens before taking part in the activity it can result in tightness in the muscles which then could have a physical effect. Anxiety can make you feel uneasy and apprehensive both before and during our performance.When you are too anxious you can make mistakes. Some find some level of anxiety necessary to focus and prepare. ; Nervousness can add to your tension levels, making you feel more tense and even agitated to the point where a physical effect can take place e. G being sick or shaking. ; Motivation will almost certainly decrease Nearly everyone who has taken part in a physical activity has experienced some type of stress. Stress is more common when the focus is on one person. Stress

Reaction to the AA meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reaction to the AA meeting - Essay Example The people at the meeting belonged to a variety of ethnic groups. There were African Americans, whites, and a few were Hispanic. There were a number of different people that were at the meeting. Some of the people there looked intimidating. One man, in particular, really struck me. Just looking at him sent chills down my spine. He looked like one of those weirdoes that you see on TV waiting to abduct or hurt someone. Anyone who looked at him, even from a distance, could tell that he was not right. Without being too noticeable, I moved my seat. I played it off real well, as I told the group leader that I needed to sit closer to the front of the room in order to see better. She was more than accommodating, and I was elated, as I did not want to cause too much of a disruption to the meeting, nor did I want to offend the scary looking man to the point of having him retaliate on me at a later time. That was something I wanted to avoid. Aside from the scary looking man, there were others who looked rough and dirty. These ones looked as if hygiene was the furthest thing from their mind. I'm guessing that their addiction was so great that it took priority over bathing. I was so glad not to be sitting near any of them, as they did give off an unpleasant odor. I could smell a hint of the stench where I currently sat: but, I knew I'd not be able to bare it if I were sitting in close proximity of these individuals. One man looked like he had been sleeping in the garbage can or the ditch. His hair was so greasy and dirty that it was literally matted to his head. His close also had a lot to be desired, as they were stained and dirty that it was hard to tell what they looked like originally. I was guessing that, by the looks of this man, he was probably homeless. I felt so sorry for this man, as his addiction enslaved him to the point of being past decency. In my heart, I hoped that he would benefit from this program, so he will be able to be clean and presentable, have a roof over his head that wood provide him comfort and shelter from the harsh elements, and live a normal life. It is so horribly sad how an addiction can rob a person to the point of destruction. Other than the people there that made me feel uneasy, the environment was warm and friendly. This was partly due to the way that the leader of the group directed the meeting. The group was led by a woman who had overcome her own addiction. It was a struggle for her, but she wanted us to know that, through her testimony, it was definitely possible to do. She was a pleasant woman. She had a wonderful demeanor about her. Her personality was warm, and she was approachable. She carried herself in a confident fashion, and her confidence was contagious. She was so encouraging to everyone. She opened the meeting by first sharing all of her experiences. She talked bout her trials, and then she told us what she did to triumph. It was important to her that everyone knew that alcohol addiction did not have to rule one's life. After she finished speaking to the group, she then asked for everyone to share their experiences. One man talked about how his addiction first began when he was fourteen years of age. Because his father owned a liquor store, he had easy access to alcohol of all types. His alcohol addiction led to even greater addictions, as he then began to use hard drugs. To make for an interesting experience for himself, he combined the drugs and alcohol. What he'd do was that he'd first drink as much as he could handle. Then,

Ways that Can be Used by Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ways that Can be Used by Organization - Essay Example To understand this theme of freedom of thought, it is important to understand what freedom of thought entails. It entails the freedom that an individual has to consider a fact, thought or viewpoint irrespective of the viewpoints of other people in the society. It is important in the democratic constitutions today which protect this freedom. However, it is difficult to suppress this freedom of thought since it is impossible to know what an individual is thinking about unless they choose to disclose it. Despite this, freedom of thought is limited via censorship, burning of books and propaganda discouraging it all together. If individuals hold their freedom of thought, then it becomes easy for them to express themselves whenever they find others taking advantage of them in any way. In Mahfouz, Head, Marquez, there is this story on the answer is no. there is this teacher who had been abused as a small girl by the mathematics tutor that her father had designated for her. This tutor was over twenty-five years older than her and he promised to come back and marry her when she became of age. True to his words, he had kept his promise. He came back and proposed to her but she rejected. She was now more knowledgeable than she was years ago when the teacher abused her. She wondered whether the man was after her money now than she was successful and independent. The mere feeling of a man almost her father’s age abusing an innocent little girl disgusted her. She could not marry her despite her mother’s advises that fell on a deaf ear. More suitors came forward for her hand but she kept on rejecting them. This is one story that shows the aspect of independence of thought. Now that she had come of age, the teacher could now make her own decisions. She could not allow her weaknesses define her. She fought hard to ensure that she capitalized on her strengths and worked on her weaknesses to ensure that she became an independent young lady.  

SOUTHWEST AIRLINES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SOUTHWEST AIRLINES - Essay Example This in turn led to a correction in the industry’s long-haul pricing structure where at times airlines were forced to offer prices lower that their costs. The deregulation of the airline industry in 1978 has been a failure and the airlines are more like public utilities than ordinary businesses (Roberts, 2008). SWA operated out of Texas and was doing much better than the regulated airlines because of fewer regulations in the state. The industry today is full of uncertainties with airlines merger becoming common. The greatest strength of SWA is its superior asset utilization. Its flight schedule structuring is such that its turnaround is 20 minutes. SWA flies its planes 20 to 30 percent more hours than other major airlines. They have fewer employees per aircraft, fly fewer passengers per employee and have more available seat miles per employee (Pfeffer, 2005). They do not use the standard hub-and-spoke model like most carriers but have the a point-to-point route network and is thus able to minimize the domino effect of flight delays thereby maximizing asset utilization (Kearney, 2008). Another major strength is highly motivated workforce. SWA achieved success not from economies of scale but the airline is known for its very productive, very motivated and unionized workforce (Bacon, 2001). They encourage individuality and they encourage leadership. The employees always come first with the company and the customers a respected second (Miles & Mangold, 2005). A failure is accepted as natural and pardonable at SWA (Bunz & Maes, 1998). They are encouraged to take responsibility for their acts and celebrate mistakes as well as triumphs. The culture of the firm and the dedication to the employees sees the airline through any obstacles and challenges (Singh, 2002). The recent soaring of fuel price has disturbed the airlines industry globally. Eight US airlines have gone out of business in less than a year, one is in bankruptcy and many others are

First Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Globally, what is the commercial and residential use and reliance on Research Paper

Globally, what is the commercial and residential use and reliance on oil - Research Paper Example Department of Energy, 2008). Distillate fuel oils which include diesel fuel and home heating oil have a wide range of applications. They are used as fuel in diesel engines, electrical power generation, railroad engines, and agricultural machinery. Distillate fuel oils make up about 23.5% of all oils used in the U.S. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008). Kerosene-type jet fuel is used in aircraft engines powered by turbines and contributes to 9.2% of total oil and oil products used in the U.S. The manufacture of electrodes and chemical products involves the use of petroleum coke as a raw material. This oil product is produced as a residue from oil distillation process in oil refineries. Petroleum coke is also used to generate heat in steel industry ovens (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008). This accounts for 4.9% of oil used in the global market. Refining process also produces residual fuel oil which is a heavy fuel used in shipping, factories, and for the generation of electric power. Residual fuel oil accounts for 3.8% of all oil uses in all sectors of the global economy (Duggan-Haas et al, 2011). The heaviest residual in the oil refineries called bitumen is used in various constructions in works such as playgrounds, highways, sidewalks and roads. Petrochemicals used in the manufacture of synthetic goods are also manufactured using oil as the raw material. Moving parts of machines wear out due to friction. Oil lubricants such as grease are used in moving parts of engines, machines, and equipment (U.S. Department of Energy 2008). Most of domestic lighting and heating uses kerosene as fuel. Kerosene is one of the lightest products from the oil refinery process. Other products of oils refining process such as olefins, methane, and ethane among others are used in petrochemical manufacturing. They are used in domestic gas cookers and other gas tanks. Currently fossil fuels and natural gas contribute 87 percent of

Gas Price effect on the economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gas Price effect on the economy - Essay Example Some develops faster and stronger than the others. Other factors can also be influence by the policies of the government, industry, technology, raw materials, and environment. The prosperity of the economy rises and falls with these factors, and one of these factors is through the industry of gas. When we talk about gas, it is inseparable with oil industry. Oil and gas industry is considered to be one that holds a stronghold in the world and America’s economy today. Oil and gas industry greatly affects the economy. The economy receives an improvement when there are large reserves and an increase of active drills in respect to oil and gas. People are able to consume more if the price of gas and oil falls. According to Perner (2008), the current gasoline prices are likely to have a large impact on consumer spending but a much smaller impact on the amount of gasoline purchased. Instead, the effect is likely to be felt in other areas of spending such as vacations, entertainment, e lectronics or eating out. Barbara Hagenbaugh (2007) stated in her report that economists believe that rising gas prices hurt but its impact is fairly limited.

Banning the use of mobile phones in motor vehicles Essay

Banning the use of mobile phones in motor vehicles - Essay Example .................................5 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Introduction to Australian Automobile Association: The Australian Automobile Association was founded in 1924 with an aim to represent the Australian motorists at national and international level. It coordinates and manages the activities of its constituting motoring clubs and is also considered as the ‘official voice’ of Australian motoring. It has been successful in influencing the public policy and is known for its high quality services and benefits to m ore than 6.3 million members all over Australia. It undertakes research on a continuous basis to analyze the actual situation and reflect the opinions of motorist across Australia. AAA is a part of Alliance Internationale de Tourisme (AIT) and the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), which represents more than 100 million people in approximately 120 countries. It also supports a range of programs both nationally and internationally such as ANCAP, Australia’s best cars etc to promote driver and road safety, environmental protection as well as sustainable mobility. Banning the use of mobile phones in motor vehicles: In this submission, concerns regarding the use of mobile phones while driving have been discussed in order to present a safe system approach for safer drivers and safer environment. The pushing implementation of the tough policy with a total ban on the use of mobile phones in vehicles is opposed by AAA. First of all, mobile phones are an important means of communication. The distraction caused by mobile phones cannot be overlooked but there are many benefits as well. It provides valuable security and assistance in emergency situations. Moreover, in this rapidly growing world it is almost impossible to stop people from the usage of mobile phones in vehicles. According to a survey, between 2009 and 2010, approximately 50,000 drivers have been fined more than $11 million for texting, calling, receiving their phones. Hence, the government should seek other ways for road safety such as the introduction of driver education programs, systematic assessment of risk levels for safety improvement etc. Background: The discussion regarding the impact of mobile phones while driving and its contribution towards the increased risk of accidents is increasing day by day. In the recent years, due to the advancements in the mobile sector, particular attention is being paid to the use of mobile phones. This has given rise to the concerns about the pote ntial impact and role of mobile phones in a collision risk. Although, there are many safety issues involved with the mobile devices the implied benefits are also present. It may increase the productivity and efficiency of the employee by increasing the responsiveness to its clients and other coworkers. A mobile phone with GPS (Global Positioning System) can save a lot of time if a person is lost. However, researches have mostly shown the negative consequences of using mobile phones as a secondary task while driving. In Australia, on an average 1700 people die on Australians road each year and the ban on hand-held mobiles has been enforced since 1999. Analysis of the issue: Although driving is a very

Constitutional protections in criminal investigations Essay

Constitutional protections in criminal investigations - Essay Example However, in Minnesota v Murphy, an individual who was required to disclose the facts of an unrelated crime to his probation officer, was convicted on the basis of this information (Lupia, 1984, p. 673). With this ruling, the state was permitted to procure involuntary confessions that exploited the suspects’ ignorance regarding their constitutional rights. With the Supreme Court’s decision in Miranda v Arizona, procedural safeguards were firmly established. These protections related to the right against self – incrimination (Grewell, 2005, p. 727). In addition, these rights ensured that the police did not resort to torture and other coercive measures during interrogation. Moreover, the reliability of the evidence obtained from the testimony of the witness was ensured (Grewell, 2005, p. 728). As such, the Fifth Amendment is crucial for the accused. The principal features of this amendment that provide protection are; the right against coerced self – incrimin ation, right to a grand jury, right to protection against double jeopardy, and the right to due process (Miller, Cross, & Jentz, 2008, p. 614). Moreover, this amendment precludes the government from coercing a suspect to provide a self – incriminatory testimony (Lupia, 1984, p. 674). ... In addition, the decision in Miranda v Arizona, provides the right to an attorney to felony suspects. However, grand jury witnesses, who fail to enter immunity deals before giving evidence, usually are unaware of whether they are suspects, till such time as the hearings are not concluded. During the hearing such witnesses could be compelled to answer, in the absence of a lawyer. Failure to do so would lead to imprisonment. Such witnesses are also in danger of perjury traps, if they change the facts under oath (Welch, 2005). Under the provisions of the Fourth Amendment, no individual’s person or home can be examined and property impounded, in the absence of a proper warrant or if there is no such warrant, without some special necessity. The warrant should be on the basis of probable cause that evidence of a crime that had been committed could be procured from that place (United States Federal Laws Regarding Privacy and Personal Data and Applications to Biometrics, 2006). Conseq uently, the Fourth Amendment sanctions seizures and searches, under narrow and explicit circumstances. In order to prevent double punishments and duplicative trials, the Double Jeopardy Clause was introduced in US law. The protection offered by this clause was affirmed by the Supreme Court in Abney v United States (Cases, 2008, p. 2007). This decision was diametrically opposed to the decision in United States v Calabrese, wherein the majority permitted the trial to continue, without finalizing the double jeopardy claim (Cases, 2008, p. 2008). Moreover, the Sixth Amendment directs that the accused in every criminal prosecution shall be entitled to a public and speedy trial. Such trial is to be by an impartial jury of the state and district where the crime had been committed. In

The Crucible consider how Miller uses Character Essay Example for Free

The Crucible consider how Miller uses Character Essay The tension is released and this is the point where John shows he is willing to blacken his name and destroy his reputation to prove that Abigail and the girls were all lying. John is clearly broken by his words and realises fully the extent of what he has done and how damaging they are. This builds up more tension and suspense in the audience as to whether John will admit his adultery to the court. In the proper . . . see it now John explains his and Abbys affair to Danforth, Danforth receives the story in horror, as he cannot take in all the new issues and starts to believe that the girls were all lying. Abigail cant believe that she is so close to being found out so angrily lashes out at Danforth who then decides to bring Elizabeth into the court to back up what John had said, she is an honest woman so why would she lie this would prove if the girls were lying or not. The tension mounts highly as the court proceeds and Elizabeth enters. Danforth gives Elizabeth orders not to look at Abigail or Proctor just him and questions her about Abigail, the suspense is unbearable by the time Elizabeth Is asked the question, Is your husband a lecher? a brief silence is held and then she answers, No sir. Danforth then tells Elizabeth to be taken away again and John calls out to her to tell her that he had already admitted to it. Hale tries desperately to explain why Elizabeth said that her husband didnt commit adultery but it does no good and before he can finish justifying Elizabeths actions Abigail falls again into a little scene where Marys spirit is attacking her and the girls. Mary screams at Abby to stop but it does not work, Danforth asks why the girls are repeating everything she says but Mary is so overwhelmed by it all that she feels powerless against them. The brief silence is a important aspect of this episode as it builts up dramatic tension and leaves the audience in a lot of suspense not knowing what Elizabeth will do, lie for her husband or not. In the play Mary runs away to the sea, which is symbolic of washing away your sins, John calls out to her today to say that god damns all liars but in the play they all stay in the courtroom. John reaches out to Mary and she backs away from him and screams, Dont touch me-dont touch me! like he is the devil or evil. This takes Proctor by surprise as Mary carries on, youre the devils man! Parris and the girls start screaming, Praise God! over and over again and mass hysteria takes over them. This whole episode is creating more and more tension in the audience as it is very dramatic. Hysteria is a key dramatic device used in The Crucible Mary tells them all of how John made her write in the devils book and that she must help him overthrow the court. She looks at John with disgust and declares her love of God. John then stands in the middle of the courtroom or sea in front of everyone and screams, God is dead! This silences everyone for a moment including the audience as the tension that has mounted throughout the whole scene has been added to until breaking point. The silence is kept until Parris screams, hear it, hear it! Proctor insanely laughs at the comment and declares all his feelings about the whole trials. He has no respect anymore for the church and trials and shows it when he screams, You are pulling down Heaven and raising up a whore! here, Proctor is sticking up for his wife saying that by believing Abigail the court will be raising up a whore, and personifys his wife as heaven satin that you are pulling down heaven. Proctor goes on to say its a whores vengenance This quotation is taken from Act III, when Proctor finally breaks down and confesses his affair with Abigail, after trying, in vain, to expose her as a fraud without revealing their liaison. Proctor knows from the beginning that the witch trials constitute nothing more than a whores vengeance Abigails revenge on him for ending their affair but he shies away from making that knowledge public because it would lead to his disgrace. This scene, in the Salem courtroom, marks the climax of the play, in which Proctors concern for justice outstrips his concern for his reputation. This re-prioritization of values enables him to do what is necessary. But he finds, to his horror that his actions come too late: instead of Abigail and the witch trials being exposed as a sham, Proctor is called a liar and then accused of witchcraft by the court. His attempt at honesty backfires and destroys him. This more or less ends the scene, bringing into the next scene tension and suspense and worries in the audiences mind about Johns mind. I denounce . . . this court At the end Hale quits the court as he has lost all faith in it. Miller wrote this play for two main reasons; one was to show how hysteria takes over people and how different people react to situations posed to them, Scene 3 is the scene where all the hysteria takes place, it bears a lot of resemblance to events of today and throughout the past 100 years. The first main events are the world wars where a hysteria swept through young men and women to sign up for the services or to help out with the war effort; that was hysteria that was used for good but there have been incidents especially in the 1980s with the football riots where hysteria did a lot of damage and cost peoples lives. The play would bear quite a lot of relevance to todays audience especially now as war is pending and people will be feeling a certain hysteria. At the anti-war protests hysteria will have been felt amongst the people building them up to a state of dislike for the politicians involved and the people for war. Hysteria also brings people to form small minded, bigoted opinions of the things they are against like in the cases of Danforth, Parris and Putnam. The second reason why Miller wrote this play was because of the McCarthy trials were taking place at the time. These were trials that took place in the early 1950s after World War Two and anyone with leftwing sympathies should be investigated and make themselves known at persecuting public hearings. People were encouraged to inform on those they suspected which may be where Miller got the idea of Abigail from as he had seen what rumours and gossip could do as he was one of the accused in the McCarthy trials. Miller chose the Salem Witch trials to put his play into the context of because like the McCarthy it was a true event that happened in American history. In Salem, Massachusetts in the 17th century the in habitants very much believed in the devil and knew of his powers so thought that all witchcraft should be hunted out. They were puritans, which meant that none of their habits and activities were very strict and no entertainment was permitted. Miller did a lot of research into the inhabitants of Salem then so many of the characters are based on real people their actions however and words were not spoken as Miller made the people his own in the play. Miller writes Act 3 very cleverly so that the audience know information that the judges do not, this is a way of making the tension and intrigue in the crowd rise. This form of audience participation is used often by great play writers such as Shakespeare even though their styles are completely different it still has the same effect of dramatic tension and makes their plays interesting and exciting for all the members of the audience. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

Management and Leadership Concepts on Operations Management

Management and Leadership Concepts on Operations Management Khurram Inamullah P1 Introduction It is required for a worker who enters an organization to have the ability to recognize a leader and an administrator with the goal that it turns out to be easy for him to comprehend the duties of both, at time of any issue he ought to know who to go to. (Candy, 2016) ROLE OF LEADER AND MANAGER With a similar goal of driving an organization and utilized by business improvement, a manager and a leader still differ in a number of ways. LEADER MANAGER Leader is alluded as a person who impacts a group of different people to get a goal for the advancement of an organization. A leader orchestrates with employees in a particular venture. A man who is in charge of controlling and managing different people while focusing on the goals of the organization. A leader imagines your fundamental target with his own creation. Urges and affects others to enhance their drives and data for the improvement of the organization. A leader leads his own particular association as well as tries to put his endeavors in different sectors to guarantee the organization is doing great. The leaders identity ought to be a tenacious one and a strong one. A manager is responsible for controlling all people to take after their work methodologies and leads with the rationale of getting the most advantages for the organization. This is finished by legitimate correspondence at all levels and common comprehension. A nice supervisor portrays a motivational aura and proper prioritization. Role of Leader when Working With New Team Members It is necessary for employees in a company/group to have a person, who pushes them forward to achieve their end goals, so a leader plays a gigantic part in controlling the partners and goads them to stay concentrated. He sets the targets and desires every part to lock in with their most extraordinary capacities. He makes every move to convey the associates closer to each other and breaks the ice among accomplices. The leader is the delegate of gathering or an affiliation, so he is the individual who controls and organizes everyone in the gathering remembering the true objective to improve all. When it comes down to new team members, the leader must ensure that the team members are on track and on-board with the working standards, aims and objectives. For example, a leader would welcome the new team members into the group and brief them about the project at hand. The specifics of their jobs will be left out and he or she will motivate the new members to achieve their tasks efficiently with an added factor of praise and motivation. Role of a Leader when Working on New Projects Leader is basically responsible for carrying out all new activities as he is the one behind the masterminding and view of the collaboration. The leader needs to know that this vision obliges him to check the definitive goals which will further be trailed by the wander head. Leader has all the learning and information anticipated that would control and direct the wander. Every last decision taken by the leader will directly affect the last result of the wander. The pioneer ensures that there is honest to goodness correspondence among the accomplices, himself and the manager. He manages them to adjust up to each possible condition as requirements are. The leader will make sure that the new project is on track and keep regular updates. The leader may choose to go out of their way and ask individual team members about the progress in their tasks. Role of a Manager When Working with New Team Members: Working with new associates requires more commitment from the administration as compared to the leader; a manager must be in direct contact with each new individual from the gathering freely. He needs to help them and sets destinations for every single individual in the gathering. He sets up relationship among partners and is responsible for setting up mutual correspondence and cooperation. Manager gives suitable course and helps the new comers emphatically. For example, the manager will take over from the leader after his initial briefing and assign specific tasks to each new team member in the group. The manager will then constantly monitor their performances and help them achieve their tasks by answering queries and helping with any confusion that the new team member might have in their mind. Role of a Manager When Working on New Projects Manager has a little yet basic influence in new endeavors. The supervisor chooses a group pioneer while setting up the gathering for another wander. For this circumstance, manager ensures that all endeavors in new pursuits are granted profitably and the work should be done before the due date (Candy, 2016). A manager working with a group of people on a new project would have to make sure that each member is on track with their tasks while keeping the big picture in mind. The manager serves as a mediatory between the leader and the team which makes his job more important on a project.ÂÂ   Consistent hypotheses that have been connected to the parts of pioneers are recorded beneath: THEORY FUNDAMENTAL POINTS Situation Leadership Theory The theory says that all the primary part must be done by leader and manager in such a way that all people should simply work remembering the ultimate objective to achieve their total target. In situational activity, the leader should have solid lead to give complete bearing to the new people from the gathering. There are fundamentally four endeavors that are must to be done by the leader. To be specific they are: Telling: where leader coordinates the group however has low strong direct Selling: in this, the leader co-ordinates and backs the gathering Participating: where leader appreciates the venture himself and portrays incredible support Delegating: Where leader neither shows high request conducts nor guides. Systematic Leadership It infers that the affiliation must apply new activity system. Right when working with new partners, a director doesnt consider any individual here yet focus on the target of the affiliation, which infers manager needs to expert new things to make method which incorporates the total effort of the gathering not just one person. Systemic power allows the routine reductionist perspective in light of the new connectivist perspective keeping the ultimate objective to more sufficiently approach relationship challenges. Contingency Theory The hypothesis concentrates on part of Leaders personality and the conditions in which he works. Contingency hypothesis communicates that the authority has two essential styles: Task-inspired: fulfillment of assignments Relationship-inspired: interpersonal associations The speculation depicts three main considerations: Relationship amongst partners and Leaders, their level or trust and assurance on each other. The structure of the wander/undertaking. The position control. (McNamara, no date) Scientific Management Theory This speculation improves the organization fiscally and with productive work. Its spotlights are on definitive framework for the change. By numerical examination and intelligent approach, changes can in like manner be made in the consistent assignments. This is proficient for the headway of every individual which consolidates all organizations and specialists. Behavioral Theory Behavioral theory communicates that there must be some specific personality properties and practices that differ people among leaders and disciples. The conduct of the pioneer must be relentless and a plays a crucial role in the accomplishment of association. Leadership traits and Styles Characteristics that make a pioneer not exactly the same as the different people, the consistency and his support to various people can be the refinement. Leadership styles varies from individual to individual however the style must incorporate assurance, obligation and completion. Analysis of Differentiation between the Role of a Leader and Function of a Manager: ROLE OF A LEADER Scientific Theory Behavioral Theory Leadership traits and style Should devise unmistakable systems and attempt to make the operation more practical. Should focus on his part while trying to make the work intense. Should be focused and inspirational. FUNCTION OF A MANAGER Scientific Theory Behavioral Theory Leadership traits and style Keep track of the work so that it could be completed within the time frame set by the leader. Should corporate with the associates reliably to get the latest updates. Should be participative and committed to his duties. Working with new team mates: Strength: Shared Workload Complete Motivation Combination of new mentalities Weakness: Risks increased Less proficient Decrease in the pace of work Intense need of a good leader Working on new project: Strength: New tactics to be followed Employees should be motivated for a kick start Weakness: Increase in work load Stress of meeting deadlines Contingency Approach: Contingency hypothesis shares its perspectives keeping in mind the target to enhance the approach for the leaders and managers regarding the circumstances with a specific end goal to make it more powerful. Working with new team mates: Strength: Adequate working Open to suggestions and adaptable strategic procedures Weakness: Risk of failure of new strategies Standard may decline Working on new project: Strength: Change of style could be a positive approach Weakness: Time administration could be an issue New activities could be a weight with the current ones (Business Organization and Management Gutierrez Pura Garcia) In the midst of the impermanent position in the affiliation, I have found that managing new endeavors and working nearby new accomplices can be a troublesome yet valuable errand. The leader and the part with regular understanding can ensure the effective eventual outcomes of the wander. There can be various frameworks by the leader and he has each one of the rights to change it amidst the operation with a particular ultimate objective to make the wander and operation more supportive. While working with new partners, the likelihood speculation can be associated, as it has more chance to show signs of improvement, Contingency theory works effortlessly when associated with the general circumstance of new partners and furthermore the new pursuit. Introduction: Operations management works on planning, designing, handling and overseeing different processes involved. (Operations Management- Stevenson) Some crucial approaches to manage operation organization are: Kaizen Continuous Management. Total Quality Management. Just In Time Management System. Kaizen Continuous Management Kaizen gathers solid change. It was shown by Masaaki Imai in his book Kaizen: Key to Japans Competitive Success in 1986. It for the most part imparts that a not that entire awful outcome can be obtained from a normal strategy, supplements on joint exertion and teaches to settle the basic driver concerning the issue. Kaizen aims to develop a coherent workplace by creating quality within the practices as well as the processes of business. It aims to bring a change by enforcing good and healthy ideas as well as practices which provide ease to the workers as compared to stress. According to Kaizen, an eased worker is a productive worker. Therefore, a leader would be required help the team do a better job by motivating them and eliminating fears related to workplace or job security. The leader would be required to glue the team together by encouraging them to improve constantly but at their own desired pace. Managers would follow the lead of the leader and pay specific attention to those who need extra help. This would increase the overall productivity of the team and ensure that everyone has played their part on the project. Leaders would be required to become a unifying force while managers would act as mentors. Just in Time Management Just in time Management would like to amplify the sufficiency through which stock is directed. Keeping stock can be disadvantageous to the relationship for a couple reasons in this way it is favorable for the relationship to keep adequately simply stock with a specific extreme goal to keep the period spouting. The technique also centers in enhancing operational association at the provider level and the affiliation level where the provider to maker correspondence ability is broadened. With just in time management, the company would aim to keep as much less stock at hand as possible. This automatically would mean or lead to more cash on hand for the company and more credit for other uses. Keeping the inventory empty requires constant monitoring of demand and this creates a certain pressure on the team working on the project. Constant monitoring and update in real time can be extremely difficult to achieve. The leader would be required to push the team on each task making sure that the team performs at its optimum level. The leader would be required to stay one step ahead of the game at all times which might lead him to put extra pressure on the team. The manager in this scenario would be required to delegate the tasks efficiently and help the team hand in hand if required or if any slacking is noticed. The manager would have to play a crucial double role of a higher authority as well as a team member as required by the situation. Total Quality Management Total quality management wears out the standard of consistently assessing and investigating operational association methodologies to guarantee that the capability of an alliance is continually overhauled from inside the connection. This alteration in quality is judged by the reaction from the clients that is refined through client criticism. TQM is an outstanding procedure since it handles an even secures of correspondence not in any way like other association approaches that work through a vertical chain of correspondence. The leader would be required to commit to the task at hand and make sure all steps of the way are laid out in an orderly fashion. The manager would be required to increase the overall performance by empowering employees and taking their inputs on the project into account. It would also include recognising any and all significant inputs presented by team members. (Operation Management by Jay Heizer) Operations management is the framework that joins the association of the broad number of operations got a handle on by the alliance. This joins evaluating and isolating the techniques performed by the connection and ensuring that they are performed in the best course as would be wise. Viewing operations management as the centralized governing mechanism for a company translates its role in business operation. For example, operations management defines designs and implements inter-office communications utilized every day, such as business and financial forms. It also designates tasks to departments, supervisors and subordinates. This coherence leads to a more focused and targeted production approach and helps to improve the overall efficiency of the business. While operations management is focused on the making of things furthermore benefits in an alliance, its criticalness to the general association cant be had a poor feeling of. Right when an alliances operations are truly dealt with, the segments of every single other division are smooth, and when a connections operations are coordinated despicably, all phenomenal work environments drive forward. With operations management, the whole process is being monitored constantly. This includes inventory management as well where the probability of waste is maximum. An inventory must be kept as empty as possible to ensure more cash on hand or credit for use. It also ensures less material waste within the company and leads to a more coherent and easier management. Therefore, operations management not only improves the overall efficiency but also reduces waste. Quality can entail the overall excellence of all operations and policies of the company as a whole. For example, it can determine how employees perceive the companys ability to provide for and protect staff in order for them to focus solely on satisfying the clientele. Operations management includes this definition of quality and makes sure that not only the desired output is up to the mark but that all processes are being taken care of to their maximum potential. (Operations and Supply Chain Management- F. Robert) The principle factors could be: Factors Influencing the Operations Management Worldwide Competition Customer Service Monetary Challenges Quality Modernization of the technical world Service sectors growth Lack of operations resources Social obligatory issues There are distinctive parts that can affect the Operations organization and fundamental power of an alliance. The style of movement, the wastefulness of work, accessibility or inaccessibility of advancement and honest to goodness culture can all effect the Operations administration and basic activity of a connection. Customer service provides feedback to the team which is necessary for constant improvement that may be missed by the management. This therefore becomes a crucial part for operations management. As customers provide their feedback, it is discussed and added to the loop of constant improvement within the company. Worldwide competition and monetary challenges go hand in hand. For a company to take on other companies, it needs to invest its finance to better people and technology. This automatically entails that within the global village today, other competitors would provide fierce competition to challenge this change. Consequently, a company must decide of how much monetary resources it wants to invest with a thorough analysis of its payback and profit in regard to taking on the competition as well as the fruitfulness of it in the current market being held by the company. With a monetary investment, quality also becomes a major issue since the company would want a positive change in terms of its quality if it chooses to invest in it. Quality is one of the core elements of operations management and a no-compromise policy is applied in large multinational companies. Therefore, quality is one of the crucial factors on which other factors depend on and decisions are made by the management. The leader has a commanding part on operations management. The association must be fit for taking split second choices in the wake of breaking down the dangers required in settling on that choice. The structure of a connection moreover regulates how the choice is made and who is attempted and genuine once the choice has been made. All choices made must be according to the vision and statements of purpose of a relationship since these portray the authoritative values and rouses agents to do a similar thing. Innovative advances and specialist limits can comparatively affect the Operations organization and central activity. New progressions may require new gifted work to be selected and new developments may comparatively incite to two or three operators being laid off. Appoint limits then again may help them to climb the dynamic walk of association which can incite masters to improve their aptitudes which will profit the alliance also. An operation administrator goes up against errands anticipated that would enhance capability and help with the headway of the alliance. One of the commitments of an operations director is to review work limits and comprehend what gear updates would enhance productivity. This joins the hoarding operations, office limits, for example, the PC structure and office gear and changes to the building itself. The operations supervisor understands which fixing changes will overhaul affiliation ampleness, profits related game plan for understanding the developments and after that shows the data to the official social event for thought. Enhanced correspondence inside an alliance can develop profit. Right when data can get starting with one office then onto the accompanying rapidly and certainly, it can animate the pace at which the affiliation can work and guards that uncommonly basic get-togethers get the data they should be significant. An operations pioneer or director is in charge of ensuring that the devices basic to bolster competent correspondence inside the alliance are set up. For instance, he may set up a sufficient PC bookkeeping structure that learns current stock and sends that data to the social occasion office to keep up thing levels for satisfying requests. The operations supervisor is in charge of charging and wage gathering. By investigating compensation total methods, the operations official can make procedures for get-together pay rapidly to ensure the affiliation has money close by. This reinforces the affiliations capacity to build up its operations and driving force buying supervises merchants. For instance, an enhanced wage through an updated pay gathering technique can affect merchants to make more noteworthy credit extensions and expansion the measure of materials the affiliation can buy to make thing. Operational supervisors work with the HR division and departmental administrators to grow more gainful courses for representatives to finish their organizations. Dissecting work points of confinement is one of the various errands that an operations supervisor plays out every day. Over the navigation of looking into the capacity of the work technique, the operations manager picks ways that the specialist can build adequacy. The operations manager then builds up an arranging program, in conjunction with the departmental supervisor that the specialist can attempt to enhance his own specific capability. (Harvard, 1999) Some key segments could be: The style of force can acknowledge a fundamental part on how operations are coordinated. An untidy pioneer would go for individual great conditions and no idea would be paid to the concentrations and goals of a connection. Then again, a capable pioneer would reasonably appreciate all choices made by the alliance, guaranteeing that every choice is made to the best of different leveled limits. Inefficient work including heads would not be able to perform and complete attempts in a given measure of time. This would depict a wasteful connection and operational administration where either the pro or the heads are not performing up to their potential. This would additionally prompt to a general overlap of operational administration. A time tested pioneer would ensure that the experts are incited and on track with the given errand. Honest to goodness structure supervises how correspondence between divisions happens. Applying Kaizen to this chain of thought, a phenomenal authoritative culture will in actuality get marvelous outcomes from every level of association. Operations administration goes for controlling every single part of the systems required in order to guarantee that the operations happen in the most ideal way. This fuses fortunate and made dispersal out of commitment, able utilization of foul materials and work and balanced examination of all segments that effect the reasonability of yield. The objective is to ensure that procedures helpfully change over the duties to stock or associations with scarcest disaster. At long last, the part of the concerned authority cant be distorted. The power of the authorities must push the specialists to satisfactorily partake in their assignments and stay before date-book to keep the surge of data smooth and fortunate. In such way, the style of association may move from individual to individual or relationship to alliance. For instance, applying the probability theory would help the pioneer to reliably overview variables and reasons affecting Operations organization and keep the staff stirred and skilled on each meander. WEB REFERENCES: [1] Candy, L. (2016) Leadership versus management: What is the difference? Available at: http://www.educational-business-articles.com/leadership-versus-management/ [2] Terms, P.I. (2016) Situational and contingency leadership theories. Available at: https://prezi.com/deurcxwytc5i/situational-and-contingency-leadership-theories/ [3] McNamara, C. (no date) Historical and contemporary theories of management. [4] Harvard (1999) Operations management. [5] Definition of Kaizen (2016) Available at: https://uk.kaizen.com/about-us/definition-of-kaizen.html BOOK REFERENCES: [6] Schedlitzki, D. Edward, G., 2014. Studying Leadership: Traditional and Critical Approaches. London: SAGE. [7] Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A. Johnston, R., 2013. Operations Management. Harlow: Pearson. [8] Cheng, T.C.E., Podolsky, S., Jarvis, P., Cheng, P.S. and Jarvis, P.G. (1996) Just-in-time manufacturing: An introduction. 2nd edn. London, Angleterre: Springer-Verlag New York. [9] Westcott, R.T. and Krivokuca, M. (2013) The certified manager of quality/organizational excellence handbook. 4th edn. United States: ASQ Quality Press. [10] Hill, A. Hill, T., 2011. Essential Operations Management. London: Palgrave. Pettinger, R., 2013. Introduction to Managemnet. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microfinance Institutions

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microfinance Institutions CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction This chapter introduces the problem statement which the research proposes, the objectives that the research seeks to address, the questions that it seeks to answer and the scope of the research as well as the significance of the study. 1.1 Background of the Study There are many types of microfinance institutions depending on structure, function or philosophy. In many instances, the microfinance market is segmented according to the clients involved i.e. micro-enterprises, women, agriculturalists and so on. A main goal of many micro finance institutions is to provide sustainable micro finance facilities to the poor to facilitate income generation and reduce poverty (Baumann, 2001). The genesis of this is that the poor lack access to financial services, credit and savings facilities. The goal of microfinance institutions as development organizations is also to service the financial needs of unserved markets as means of meeting development objectives (Ledgerwood, 1999). The development objectives generally include reduction of poverty, empowerment of the poor and other disadvantaged groups, employment creation, development of new businesses and helping existing businesses to grow by diversifying their activities. In a world bank study of lending for small and micro enterprise projects, three objectives of microfinance institutions that were most frequently cited were, to create employment and income opportunities through the creation and expansion of micro enterprises, increase the productivity and incomes of vulnerable groups especially the poor and women, as well as reduce rural families dependence on drought prone crops through the diversification of their income generating activities (Webster et al, 1996). The microfinance revolution was introduced into the development economics arena slightly more than two decades ago. However, the widespread adoption of the microfinance model did not occur until the early 1990s. Since the mid 1990s, microfinance programmes and institutions have become an increasingly important component of strategies to promote micro-enterprise development in developing countries and specifically to reduce poverty (Colin, 2006). Microfinance was defined by the United Nation in 2005 as basic financial services, like credit, savings and insurance, which give people an opportunity to borrow, save, invest and protect their families against risk (UN, 2005). This definition was used in the context of microfinance and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It was therefore observed that microfinance promotes not only credit, but also inculcates savings that accumulate assets for poor people. Besides the major attributes of microfinance, namely; credit and savings, the concept of joint or shared liability has been highlighted by other researchers. According to Harper (2003), the concept of microfinance originated in Bangladesh, around 1976 through the pioneering experiment by Dr Muhammad Yunus, who was then a Professor of Economics. The primary difference between microfinance and the conventional credit disbursal mechanism lies in the joint liability concept. Whereby a group of individuals get together to form an association of persons called Self Help Groups (SHG) of which all the members undergo a training programme on the basic loan procedures and borrowing requirements. Loans to individuals within the Self help groups are approved by the others members of the group, who are also jointly responsible for its repayment in case of default. The members of the self help group save regularly through monthly contributions to the groups fund. Formal microfinance lending has been in existence in Kenya since the 1950s through the Joint Loan Board Scheme developed by the colonial government (Hondo, 2001). After independence in 1963, the Kenyan government went on to provide subsidized rural credit programs as a development strategy. There are many organizations both informal and formal which also offer these financial services. The informal channels are characterized by lending family, friends and neighbours. Rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) are also very common. They hold regular meetings and each member contributes a fixed amount and an agreed amount is given to one member at a time (CBS et al, 1999). Commercial banks traditionally lend to medium and large enterprises which are judged to be creditworthy and tend to avoid doing business with the poor and the micro enterprises because the associated costs and risks are considered to be relatively high. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have therefore become the main source of funding for micro enterprises in Africa and in other developing regions (Anyanwu, 2004). Microfinance institutions have become an important contributor to the Kenyan economy. The sector contributes to the national objective of creating employment opportunities, training entrepreneurs, generating income and providing a source of livelihood for the majority of low income households by financing the businesses that they run. The government and its development partners have spent considerable amount of resources in crafting policies and programs to build the growth of micro finance institutions. However results to date have been largely unsatisfactory (Gichira, 1992). 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Provision of microfinance services that can have a sustainable impact on clients well being and reduced vulnerability is not an easy endeavour, microfinance institutions face many risks that can adversely affect their long term growth, operational and financial sustainability (Jeyanth, 2003). With regard to sustainability and growth, a study conducted by Omondi (2005) revealed that few microfinance institutions had attained sustainability and growth and had sound financial cost control and good loan portfolios. A good number of microfinance institutions had not attained financial stability and growth and were relying on subsidies from donors. Growth in the microfinance industry may be characterized by an increase in the breadth and depth of outreach of existing microfinance institutions, heightened competition among microfinance service providers, diversification of product and service offerings, and the presence of private and commercial funds for microfinance activities. There is little information on a standard blueprint to show us how to achieve these characteristics and to ensure the growth of the microfinance industry. To a large extent, the growth should be market driven and is yet to be achieved (Amando, 2005). Tilman, (2006) highlighted that although microfinance activity has increased considerably in recent years, significant growth was lacking and microfinance institutions are still far from reaching a significant portion of the population that lacks access to formal financial services. Further, studies conducted in Kenya have shown that even though the microfinance sector has been growing over the past few years, majority of the individual institutions have not experienced much growth. Moreover much of growth of the microfinance institutions has been spontaneous (G.O.K 1997). It is therefore against this background that the aim of the study is to assess factors affecting the growth of micro-finance institutions in Kenya. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1. To assess the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION This research seeks to answer the following question; 1. What are the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will benefit a number of groups among them managers of microfinance institutions who will use the study to gain an insight into factors that affect the growth of their businesses and how. This will in turn help them develop modalities to mitigate those factors that adversely affect the business and enhance those that promote growth of their microfinance institutions. The government too will benefit from this study. The government will use the findings of this study to craft appropriate policies that would promote the growth and stability of the microfinance institutions. Further the findings will help the Kenya governments development partners, NGOs, Donor communities and other stakeholders to effectively and efficiently target their assistance to the microfinance sector. Moreover, microfinance strategists, policy makers, aspiring microfinance researchers, university and college students pursuing a career in entrepreneurship or microfinance spheres will also benefit. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Microfinance institutions have a wide coverage in both rural and urban areas of the country. This study focuses on microfinance institutions operating in Kenya. The study therefore covers the registered institutions. CHAPTER TWO LIERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter presents a review of various literature materials related to the study. It extensively looks at the factors that affect the growth of microfinance institutions. This review also highlights past literature that relates to this study, summary of gaps to be filled by the study, previous research findings, various papers and government publications on the subject. 2.2 Growth in the microfinance industry Amando, (2005) observed that growth in the microfinance industry may be characterized by an increase in the breadth and depth of outreach of existing microfinance institutions, heightened competition among microfinance service providers, diversification of product and service offerings, and the presence of private and commercial funds for microfinance activities. Outreach and sustainability are two critical objectives for microfinance institutions (MFIs). As defined by Christen et al (1999), outreach is the ability to provide quality financial services to large numbers of people, especially the very poor. Outreach is also an indicator of the institutions social mission to scale up and provide services to as many people as possible. Sustainability, in contrast, requires operating at a level of profitability that allows sustained service delivery without dependence on subsidized inputs. This represents the institutions commercial strategy. For microfinance institutions growth is the process of balancing the objectives of outreach and sustainability; balancing the social mission and the commercial strategy. Despite the increase in number of MFIs in operation, their growth is constrained, especially in rural areas, because of their limited resource base and lack of institutional capacity to provide a wide range of financial services. MFI outreach is predominantly through group based programmes, which have limited absorptive capacity for financial resources. The focus of most microfinance institutions is lending to the informal economy MSEs (â€Å"Jua Kali) and often women who are conducting trade in small goods or providing services (Stevenson, 2007). Craig (1997) on the other hand observed that many microfinance institutions experience cycles of growth followed by periods of consolidation where they are forced to solve operational challenges such as decline in portfolio quality, client desertion, untrained and burned-out staff, and administrative challenges including loan processing and information systems. In addition, many smaller credit programs never experience growth because they lack the resources; technical and or financial and a commitment to the financial systems approach. In Tanzania, a survey of 136 small firms found that 63 per cent of them consider difficulties in accessing finance from larger financial institutions as the major constraint to their growth (Satta, 2003). Even though micro finance bodies are meant to serve those who have been left out of the formal banking system, there is a growing concern that many Kenyans still lack credit facilities. Statistics from Association of Microfinance Institutions (AMFI) indicate that over 60 percent of Kenyans lack access to formal banking services. This is because most micro-credit companies are concentrated in cities and towns. Most of the people who lack credit are in rural areas. The question now is how to facilitate growth of microfinance institutions to cover all areas (Tilman, 2006). 2.2.1 Constraints facing micro finance institutions. The microfinance sector in Kenya has faced a number of constraints that need to be addressed to enable them to improve outreach and sustainability and grow. The major impediment to the development of microfinance business in Kenya has been until recently poor legislation and set of regulations to guide the operations of the microfinance sub-sector. This has contributed to a large extent to the poor performance and eventual demise microfinance institutions because of a lack of appropriate regulatory oversight. This has also had a bearing on a number of other constraints faced by the industry, namely: wide diversity in institutional form, inadequate governance and management capacity, limited outreach, unhealthy competition, limited access to funds, unfavorable image and lack of performance standards, Poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP 1999). Providing financial services to poor people is costly, in part, because they have small amounts of money, often live in urban slums and remote rural setups, and rarely have documented credit histories. During the past decade, microfinance institutions (MFIs) started addressing this problem by developing techniques that permit safe lending in the absence of borrowers credit history. Still, MFIs usually charge relatively high interest rates to cover the administrative costs of handling small transactions for dispersed populations (Gaulum, 2006). Mutua et al (1996) highlighted that a problem facing NGOs running microfinance institutions is the ability to balance traditional welfare objectives with the goals of maintaining sustainable credit programmes. This is because when credit policies are based on humanitarian rather than financial considerations, inefficiency and ineffectiveness can follow which hampers sustainability and growth of microfinance institutions. A study by Anyanwu (2004), on Microfinance institutions policy practice and potentials in Nigeria revealed that the sub sector in Africa faces a number of challenges which include the urgent access to medium to long term sustainable sources of funding. 2.2.2 Importance of the microfinance sector The first attribute that distinguishes microfinance institutions from others is what has come to be called its dual mission of balancing a social agenda or social impact with its financial objectives. Most microfinance institutions (MFIs) are institutions that combine a social development mission; provision of financial services to the lowest income population possible with a financial objective that drives the institution to achieve self sufficiency and thereby accomplish sustained service delivery without dependence on subsidies (Humphrey, 2006). The government appreciates the importance of microfinance institutions in the development of SMEs. In G.O.K (2005) policy paper the government sates lack of access to credit is a major constraint inhibiting the growth of the entrepreneurs. The same paper further states that the government recognizes that access to credit and financial services is key to the growth and development of any enterprise and more so the SMEs The government therefore has its own programmes and projects targeting the sector. Some of them are the Kenya Industrial Estates, the Joint Loan board both under the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the recently established Kshs. l billion youth fund under the Ministry of Youth Affairs in the office of the Vice President. According to an evaluation study on microfinance programmes in Kenya Supported through the Dutch co-financing programme, (Hospes 2002) concludes that the impact of the financial service provision by Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT) at the enterprise level is positive in many respects: Enterprise size and employment generation, both the quantitative and qualitative assessment show that the provision of loans by KWFT has helped women to keep them going even in the most difficult times, as well as contribute to providing continued employment to the women and their families, and to increase the number of employees in their business, either on temporary or permanent basis. It is now widely acknowledged that the MFIs, with their innovative program packaging, have enlarged the financial market, increased the volume of household financial savings and induced financial independence among rural families (Sajjad et al 1999). According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 1999, a large number of Kenyans derive their livelihood from small and micro-enterprises. Therefore, development of this sector represents an important means of creating employment, promoting growth, and reducing poverty in the long term. However, in spite of the importance of this sector, experience shows that provision and delivery of credit and other financial services to the sector by formal credit institutions, such as microfinance institutions has been below expectation. This means that it is difficult for the poor to climb out of poverty due to lack of finance for their productive activities. Therefore, new, innovative and pro-poor modes of financing low income households and SMEs based on sound operating principles need to be developed. The United Nations acknowledges microfinance as a key instrument to achieving Millennium development Goals (MDGs), which seeks to reduce poverty by 2015. They include reducing child mortality by two thirds, eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, as well as combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (UN, 2005). As microfinance institutions in Kenya continue to increase in numbers, their survival in the market economy will greatly be influenced by the impact their products and services have to their recipients. This will include; the empowerment of family, generation of income and improvement of welfare, the increase in business performance, training and business skills provided to clients, terms and conditions for loan repayment and servicing among others. Microfinance institutions are critical to Africas quest for solutions to the continents development challenge. The area of their greatest potential impact, rural Africa, is not only home to the bulk of the continents population, but also the vast majority of Africas poor. MFIs with examples from Zambia, Kenya, South Africa, Mali and Zimbabwe, establish a link between MFIs and both poverty eradication and the empowerment and equality of women, two of the major Millennium Development Goals (Kaoma, 2001). Anywanu, (2004) observes that microfinance institutions aim to improve the socio-economic conditions of women, especially those in the rural areas through the provision of loan assistance, skills acquisition, reproductive health care service, adult literacy and girl child education. They also aim to build community capacities for wealth creation among enterprising poor people and to promote sustainable livelihood by strengthening rural responsive banking methodology as well as eradicate poverty through the provision of microfinance and skill acquisition development for income generation. 2.2.3 Promotion of Microfinance institutions growth. As an enterprise grows, different needs arise to correspond with every stage of its development. The level of sophistication of knowledge, skill and attitude change, inputs will vary with this every stage. It should however reflect that the needs are demand driven because they can be correlated with the problems and opportunities that micro financiers face in managing the business (Murumbutsa, 1998). Oikocredit International, a social investor increasingly engaged in microfinance, expressed that channeling commercial capital to microfinance institutions is key in establishing the conditions for sustainability and for the scaling-up of microfinance institutions. Commercial capital pushes microfinance institutions to have more rigorous financial discipline and management (Amando, 2005). Microfinance institutions in Kenya need to adopt and subscribe to performance standards in their operations so as to measure and ensure growth. In the Philippines the Central Bank as a member of the National Credit Council worked very hard in finalizing a set of performance standards that can be used by microfinance institutions across the banking, non-governmental and cooperative sectors to facilitate assessment and evaluation of their performance. The standards go by the acronym P.E.S.O, which stands for Portfolio Quality, Efficiency, Sustainability and Outreach. MFI growth includes diversification, such as the introduction of new financial products, training needs to be designed to gradually provide staff with new skills, thus increasing their flexibility and productivity. Credit bureaus are useful in reducing risks in lending and in encouraging a more responsible attitude towards credit by borrowers which will ultimately lower delinquency and strengthen the credit and financial system. In addition, the presence of credit bureaus will foster lending to the previously neglected sector such as the micro, small and medium enterprises due to less reliance on collateral based credit decisions. The other necessary condition is the presence of a comprehensive credit information system. With more and more players engaged in microfinance, the problem of credit pollution and multiple borrowings is also increasing. The sharing and disseminating of credit related information will be able to address this problem (Kitabu, 2007). To be successful an organization should have special features over and above being new and small in an industry. If any developments have to take place among microfinance institutions then the rate of their growth would depend on accumulation of physical and human capital. This however would require an effective allocation of resources and ability to acquire and apply modern technology (Biggs et al, 1996) Growth of the microfinance sector however, is very much dependent on a host of factors among them, the policy and regulatory environment, which consists of broad, high level policies that affect the economic and regulatory conditions in which micro finance institutions have to operate. Such are macro-policies for the stabilization and growth of the economy. Other factors include provision of technological capabilities and skills upgrading, competition. These factors promote higher business productivity and growth through improved techniques, and the related introduction of better quality products and services that yield the institutions high added value and larger markets. The provision of financial services, technology upgrading, complements the beneficial effects of a truly enabling policy environment (Ronge, et al, 2002) The government is struggling to thrust the country into a state of economic recovery by integrating the microfinance sector into the national economic grid, by seriously looking at the potential of the microfinance institutions sectors for driving SMEs, creating employment and economic growth, further the Kenya government has taken major steps in the development of this sector by passing a regulatory framework in the form of the micro-finance bill which will enable their registration and regulation of micro finance institutions (Munguti, 2005). For a growing business to continue growing, it has to be a learning organization that monitors the market and scans the horizon looking for clues or trends. It needs to be proactive by regularly analyzing how it can do better. There may be a tendency in mature MFIs to assume that, because their current financial products are so successful, they should continue to operate the way they are and just increase the scale of their operations. Successful firms are constantly innovating and upgrading, and they spend a significant percentage of their budget on research and development. Donor organizations should consider how their resources may fund the imagination of microfinance institutions to enhance their growth (Tomasko, 1996). Businesses need to have an effective management information system in place prior to an explosive growth phase to enable it to manage growth. Most emerging firms get into trouble because the management team either does not have the information it needs to make the right decisions or chooses to ignore the information that is available. For microfinance, information is even more important than in most businesses. It is the lifeblood of an MFI. Microfinance relies an information based lending technology, as opposed to commercial banks that use a collateral-based approach. Microfinance information must focus on financial as well as non-financial indicators, such as productivity, efficiency, average loan size, and client retention. The management information system should provide information about factors and forces that need to be monitored closely as well as insights into what should be changed. This early warning system can scan the horizon for trends, and identify threats and opportun ities (Craig, 1997). 2.3 Summary and Gap From literature reviewed the information available indicates that the number of micro finance institutions in Kenya is gradually increasing and dominant market players are growing, most microfinance institutions however register slow growth and further the reasons for this with respect to Kenya are not conclusive. Despite their success so far microfinance institutions only reach a fraction of the estimated underlying demand. There is huge latent demand for micro-credit around the country. Even though micro-finance bodies are meant to serve those who have been left out of the formal banking system, there is a growing concern that many Kenyans still lack credit facilities. This is because despite the growing number of microfinance institutions in Kenya, their outreach is constrained especially in rural areas, the study therefore seeks to establish the factors affecting their growth. Most studies have focused on the small and micro enterprises growth to show how successful they have been after receiving micro-credit, few have tried to analyze the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions themselves. Although microfinance activity has grown considerably in recent years, it is still far from reaching a significant portion of the population that lacks access to formal financial services. Microfinance institutions despite their success over the past few years, have only grown to reach a fraction of the estimated underlying demand, extensive study is yet to be done on factors affecting their growth. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter discusses the research method that was applied in carrying out the study. It covers the following areas; Research design, target population, sampling design, data collection procedure and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design This study adapted a descriptive research design. The research aimed to collect data on the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. Descriptive research design is used when data collected describes persons, organizations, settings or phenomena. This approach was appropriate because the data collected mainly involved descriptions of the variables in the study. This descriptive research design enabled the research capture quantitative data to provide in depth information about the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. 3.2 Target Population The target population in this research were microfinance institutions registered and operating in Kenya. There are 56 registered microfinance institutions, this was the group of interest. Questionnaires were administered to finance managers of these microfinance institutions. 3.3 Sample Design The census method was used in this study. In this method of study, all registered microfinance institutions were surveyed. For the purposes of this study all 56 registered microfinance institutions. 3.4 Data collection methods Data was collected from microfinance institutions using structured questionnaire. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaire method in this study. Primary data are those which are collected fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character (Kothari, 2004). In this study, the research made use of a questionnaire to solicit ideas related to the research problem from respondents. The questions sought to address the research objective and question related to the study. A drop and pick method was used in administration of the questionnaire. 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation The results obtained from data collected were summarized under common themes and presented in form of frequency tables, percentages and pie charts. According to Cochran (1989) results from research findings are often presented in these forms. Data was analyzed by frequency distribution and percentages to show the frequency of institutions citing common factors and the percentage of them identifying similar factors affecting their growth. Written explanations are provided to interpret data, to draw conclusions and make recommendations. The purpose was to measure and provide information on factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 4.1 Introduction This chapter deals with the results and findings of the study. It presents and descriptively analyzes the data gathered from respondents and summarizes the major findings from the respondents. These responses were analyzed using excel computer package and the results summarized in form of tables, bar graphs and pie charts as appropriate. 4.2 Results and Data Analysis The primary objective of the study was to assess the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. A census was undertaken where all 56 registered microfinance institutions were presented with questionnaires, 34 of the 56 respondents returning their duly filled up questionnaires. This represented a 60.7% response rate which was deemed sufficient for derivations of conclusions covering the entire population under the study. 4.3 General Findings. 4.3.1 Years of operation On the number of years that the organizations have been in operation, the results showed that majority (55.9%) were between 10 and 15 years old since they started operating. 14.7% of the organizations were the oldest being over 15 years old, while 11.8% of the population being the youngest having being in operation for less than 5 years. The remaining 17.6% of the respondent organizations were between 5 and 10 years. 4.3.2 Customer segments. In response to the question regarding to which customer segments the organizations provide microfinance facilities to, 5.9% said they provide services to women, 11.8% indicated micro enterprises, 79.4% provide services to all segments, while 2.9% said the cater for agriculturalists. 4.3.3 Client base From this study it was established that 50% of the organizations that responded had a client base of over 10,000 clients. 32.4% of the microfinance institutions had between 5,000 and 10,000 clients and 17.6% of the respondents indicated having a client base of less than 5,000 customers. 4.3.4